汞是在常溫(wen)下唯一呈(cheng)液(ye)態的金(jin)(jin)屬,又名(ming)稱(cheng)水銀(yin),銀(yin)白色,比(bi)重13.546,熔點-38.87℃沸點357℃。汞能與許多金(jin)(jin)屬形(xing)成(cheng)合(he)金(jin)(jin),稱(cheng)為汞齊(qi)。
汞由(you)于有(you)特異的(de)物理化學性能,因(yin)此(ci)廣泛用于化學、電(dian)氣、儀表(biao)及(ji)軍事工(gong)業(ye)等。此(ci)外,還用作(zuo)原(yuan)子核反應(ying)堆的(de)冷卻劑和防原(yuan)子輻射材(cai)料,也用于提(ti)取有(you)色(se)金(jin)屬,用混汞法提(ti)取金(jin)和從(cong)煉鉛的(de)煙(yan)塵中(zhong)提(ti)取鉈以及(ji)用于提(ti)取鋁,在醫藥方面也有(you)一定的(de)用途。
汞(gong)的產(chan)品主(zhu)要是汞(gong)和辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)。我國汞(gong)礦以產(chan)汞(gong)為主(zhu)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)用于(yu)化工、醫藥等方面。由于(yu)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)色(se)澤艷紅(hong)、美麗,粒度大(da)者(zhe)稱(cheng)珠寶砂(sha)(sha),因此含(han)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)的葉蠟石俗稱(cheng)“雞(ji)血石”,均系珍(zhen)品。
汞(gong)在(zai)(zai)自然(ran)界分(fen)布廣泛,不(bu)僅在(zai)(zai)地(di)殼(ke)的(de)各(ge)類巖(yan)石(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)有著廣泛的(de)分(fen)布,而且在(zai)(zai)地(di)殼(ke)外部的(de)水(shui)圈(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)、大(da)氣圈(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)、生物圈(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)普(pu)遍存在(zai)(zai),但(dan)與其他(ta)部分(fen)元素(su)相比,其含量(liang)卻是少量(liang)和微量(liang)的(de)。汞(gong)在(zai)(zai)地(di)殼(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)平均含量(liang)(即元素(su)豐度(du))為(wei)8.3×10-6%,在(zai)(zai)各(ge)類巖(yan)石(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)分(fen)布不(bu)均勻,沉積巖(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)相對較高(gao),為(wei)4×10-5%,中(zhong)(zhong)酸(suan)性(xing)巖(yan)漿巖(yan)中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)8×10-6%,超基性(xing)巖(yan)石(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)1×10-6%(維諾格拉多夫(fu),1962)。地(di)殼(ke)中(zhong)(zhong)99.8%的(de)汞(gong)均呈分(fen)散狀態賦存于各(ge)類巖(yan)石(shi)之中(zhong)(zhong),而僅有0.02%的(de)汞(gong)才(cai)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)富集(ji)成(cheng)為(wei)礦(kuang)床。
汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)在(zai)自然(ran)(ran)界呈自然(ran)(ran)元素或Hg2+的(de)離子化(hua)合(he)物(wu)存在(zai),具有(you)強烈(lie)的(de)親硫(liu)性(xing)和親銅性(xing)。已發現的(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)和含(han)(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)約有(you)20多種。其(qi)中(zhong),大部分是汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)硫(liu)化(hua)物(wu),其(qi)次(ci)是少(shao)量(liang)的(de)自然(ran)(ran)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、硒化(hua)物(wu)、碲(di)化(hua)物(wu)、硫(liu)鹽(yan)、鹵化(hua)物(wu)及氧(yang)化(hua)物(wu)等。常見的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)主要有(you):自然(ran)(ran)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(Hg,含(han)(han)(han)Hg100%)、辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(HgS,含(han)(han)(han)Hg86.2%)、黑(hei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)(HgS為(wei)(wei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)同質(zhi)多象(xiang)變(bian)體,含(han)(han)(han)Hg86.2%)、灰硒汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(HgSe,含(han)(han)(han)Hg71.7%)、輝汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(Hg(S,Se),含(han)(han)(han)Hg83.8%)、碲(di)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(HgTe,含(han)(han)(han)Hg61.5%)、甘汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(Hg2Cl2,含(han)(han)(han)Hg84.9%)氯汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(Hg4Cl2O,含(han)(han)(han)Hg90.2%)、黃氯汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(Hg2ClO,含(han)(han)(han)Hg88.65%)、橙紅石HgO,含(han)(han)(han)Hg92.87%)、硫(liu)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)銻(ti)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(HgSb4S7,含(han)(han)(han)Hg22%)、汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)黝銅礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(Cu10(Hg,Fe,Zn)2Sb4S13,含(han)(han)(han)Hg6%~17%)、汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)銀礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)(AgHg為(wei)(wei)自然(ran)(ran)銀富汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)變(bian)種)。其(qi)中(zhong),作為(wei)(wei)工業礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)物(wu)原料具有(you)開采價值的(de)主要是辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)、黑(hei)辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)。辰(chen)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)富礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石可直接入爐冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian),但大多數汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)床含(han)(han)(han)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)量(liang)較(jiao)低(di),礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石要用(yong)選(xuan)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)方法(fa)富集成精礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)才能(neng)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)。
根據礦(kuang)石(shi)的(de)工業(ye)技(ji)術(shu)要(yao)求(qiu),汞(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)按有用礦(kuang)物組分劃分的(de)礦(kuang)石(shi)工業(ye)類型(xing),主(zhu)要(yao)單汞(gong)(gong)、汞(gong)(gong)鈾、汞(gong)(gong)銻(ti)、汞(gong)(gong)硒、汞(gong)(gong)金及汞(gong)(gong)多金屬等類型(xing)。供工業(ye)利用者,主(zhu)要(yao)是單汞(gong)(gong)型(xing)礦(kuang)石(shi)。
汞礦石(shi)一般(ban)工業要(yao)求:邊界品位0.04%,工業品位0.08%~0.10%,可(ke)采厚度≥0.8~1.2m,夾石(shi)剔除厚度≥2~4m。
以(yi)上指(zhi)標,用于(yu)圈定礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)體。由于(yu)汞(gong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)勘(kan)(kan)探一般只(zhi)能圈定含礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)體,上列(lie)指(zhi)標則用于(yu)勘(kan)(kan)探工程中圈定見礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)厚(hou)度,并(bing)據以(yi)計算含礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)系(xi)(xi)數及礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)體平均(jun)品位(wei)(wei)。評價含礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)體時按含礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)系(xi)(xi)數與品位(wei)(wei)乘積提出要求,即含礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)系(xi)(xi)數×礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)體平均(jun)品位(wei)(wei)≥0.04%。若礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)體平均(jun)品位(wei)(wei)低(di)于(yu)最低(di)工業要求,則列(lie)為表外儲量(liang)。
此指(zhi)(zhi)標只供汞礦(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang)普查評價時參考的工業(ye)指(zhi)(zhi)標。凡是(shi)屬于提(ti)供礦(kuang)山建設(she)設(she)計使用(yong)的地(di)質勘(kan)探報告采(cai)用(yong)的工業(ye)指(zhi)(zhi)標,應根(gen)據勘(kan)探的礦(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang)具體情(qing)況和采(cai)選(xuan)冶技術條件進(jin)行經濟核算(suan)和比較研究,制定勘(kan)探的礦(kuang)床(chuang)(chuang)工業(ye)指(zhi)(zhi)標,并由主(zhu)管工業(ye)部門審批確定。
汞的主要礦物辰砂(sha),在(zai)中國古代稱丹砂(sha)、朱砂(sha)或石(shi)朱砂(sha)。宋代以后,因主要產銷市場在(zai)湖南(nan)辰州(現名(ming)為沅陵),故得名(ming)為辰砂(sha)。
中國(guo)是(shi)世界上(shang)發現和(he)利用(yong)(yong)汞(gong)礦最早的(de)國(guo)家,據考古資料,在仰韶文化(hua)層和(he)龍山文化(hua)層里,均發現“涂朱(zhu)”(砂(sha))遺物(wu),因此(ci)中國(guo)利用(yong)(yong)汞(gong)的(de)歷史,可(ke)以(yi)(yi)追(zhui)溯至(zhi)5000年前。從殷開(kai)(kai)始(shi),丹砂(sha)被用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)顏料;春秋戰國(guo)以(yi)(yi)后,又在煉(lian)丹術(shu)和(he)醫藥(yao)方面得到了(le)應用(yong)(yong),并開(kai)(kai)始(shi)用(yong)(yong)以(yi)(yi)提煉(lian)汞(gong);有關汞(gong)同硫合(he)成(cheng)丹砂(sha)、汞(gong)同鉛(qian)(qian)形成(cheng)鉛(qian)(qian)汞(gong)齊等記(ji)載,見于漢代(dai)魏(wei)伯陽《參同契(qi)》、晉代(dai)葛洪《抱樸子》等著作(zuo);宋代(dai)的(de)《金(jin)華沖碧丹經秘旨(zhi)》和(he)明代(dai)的(de)《天工(gong)開(kai)(kai)物(wu)》,均有記(ji)述(shu)了(le)煉(lian)汞(gong)技術(shu)及其設備。由此(ci)可(ke)見,中國(guo)對汞(gong)的(de)開(kai)(kai)采利用(yong)(yong),比國(guo)外利用(yong)(yong)汞(gong)礦最早的(de)希臘人和(he)羅馬(ma)人還要早1000多年。
近代(dai)中(zhong)國(guo)汞礦的地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)調(diao)查、勘探、開發(fa)利(li)用(yong),1919~1949年(nian)先后有翁文灝、樂森王(wang)(wang)尋、王(wang)(wang)曰倫、熊永先、吳希曾、田奇(qi)王(wang)(wang)雋(jun)、劉國(guo)昌、周(zhou)德忠等20多(duo)位地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)學家(jia)對(dui)貴州、湖(hu)(hu)南(nan)(nan)、云(yun)南(nan)(nan)、廣(guang)西、四川、湖(hu)(hu)北、甘肅等地(di)(di)的汞礦進行了開創性的地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)調(diao)查和研究(jiu),著有簡(jian)報或論文。40年(nian)代(dai),資源委(wei)員會對(dui)一些汞礦產地(di)(di)進行探采工(gong)作。新(xin)中(zhong)國(guo)成立(li)后,為(wei)適(shi)應國(guo)民經濟建設的需要,于50年(nian)代(dai)開始了大規模的地(di)(di)質(zhi)(zhi)勘探和開發(fa)工(gong)作,如(ru)今(jin)中(zhong)國(guo)已成為(wei)世界上的主要汞礦生產國(guo)之一。
汞(gong)(gong)(gong)在自然界中(zhong)分布(bu)極(ji)少,被認為是稀有(you)金屬(shu),極(ji)少以純金屬(shu)狀態存在,多以化合物形式(shi)存在,主要常見含汞(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)物有(you)朱砂(HgS)、氯(lv)硫(liu)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)、硫(liu)銻汞(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)及其他(ta)一(yi)些與朱砂相連的(de)(de)(de)礦(kuang)物。國(guo)內資(zi)(zi)料(liao)顯示(shi),世(shi)界汞(gong)(gong)(gong)礦(kuang)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)量(liang)約70萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),基礎儲量(liang)30萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),汞(gong)(gong)(gong)儲量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)較多的(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家:西(xi)班牙(ya)9萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),中(zhong)國(guo)8.14萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),意(yi)大利6.9萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun),吉爾(er)吉斯斯坦4.5萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)。美國(guo)地質調(diao)查(cha)局(USGS)2015年(nian)發(fa)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)數據顯示(shi),中(zhong)國(guo)、吉爾(er)吉斯斯坦、墨西(xi)哥(ge)、秘(mi)魯、俄羅斯、斯洛(luo)文尼亞、西(xi)班牙(ya)和烏克蘭占有(you)世(shi)界上(shang)大部分的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan),約為60萬(wan)(wan)(wan)噸(dun)。近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)全球對汞(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)逐年(nian)下(xia)滑,意(yi)味著目(mu)前的(de)(de)(de)汞(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)將能滿足至少未來(lai)一(yi)個世(shi)紀的(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)。
汞資(zi)源主要分布在西(xi)班牙、意大利、中(zhong)國、吉(ji)爾吉(ji)斯斯坦、墨西(xi)哥、秘(mi)魯(lu)、俄羅斯、斯洛文尼亞和(he)烏克蘭。
世(shi)界汞(gong)礦床主要(yao)分布在特(te)提斯-喜(xi)馬拉雅構造(zao)帶(dai)上。礦床主要(yao)類型為碳酸鹽型,其(qi)次是(shi)碎屑巖(yan)型和巖(yan)漿巖(yan)型。其(qi)中碳酸鹽型為最主要(yao),占汞(gong)礦床儲量的90%。
世界(jie)汞(gong)礦床(chuang)(chuang)中超大(da)型汞(gong)礦床(chuang)(chuang)主要有:西班牙阿爾(er)(er)馬登汞(gong)礦床(chuang)(chuang),意(yi)大(da)利伊德里亞汞(gong)礦床(chuang)(chuang),吉(ji)爾(er)(er)吉(ji)斯(si)斯(si)坦璟可伊汞(gong)礦床(chuang)(chuang),哈伊達爾(er)(er)干(海達爾(er)(er)坎(kan))。
我(wo)國汞(gong)礦(kuang)目前保(bao)有儲(chu)量在(zai)8.14萬噸以(yi)上,居世界(jie)第(di)三。我(wo)國汞(gong)礦(kuang)資源較(jiao)為豐富,現已探明(ming)(ming)有儲(chu)量的礦(kuang)區(qu)103處,主要(yao)分(fen)布在(zai)12個省(sheng)區(qu)。汞(gong)資源主要(yao)分(fen)布在(zai)西南和西北地區(qu),其中貴州(zhou)最(zui)多,累積探明(ming)(ming)儲(chu)量達9萬噸以(yi)上,占全(quan)國探明(ming)(ming)儲(chu)量的80%以(yi)上。
汞資源儲量就地區(qu)(qu)來(lai)看,西南區(qu)(qu)占(zhan)全國汞儲量的56.9%;其次是西北區(qu)(qu)占(zhan)28.4%、中南區(qu)(qu)占(zhan)14.4%。其他地區(qu)(qu)則很(hen)少,僅占(zhan)0.3%。
就各省(sheng)區(qu)來(lai)看,貴(gui)州儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)多,占(zhan)(zhan)全國汞(gong)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)的38%,其(qi)次為陜西占(zhan)(zhan)20%、四(si)川占(zhan)(zhan)16%、廣東(dong)占(zhan)(zhan)6%、湖南占(zhan)(zhan)6%、青海(hai)占(zhan)(zhan)4%、甘肅(su)占(zhan)(zhan)4%、云南占(zhan)(zhan)3%。以上8個省(sheng)區(qu)合計(ji)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)全國汞(gong)儲(chu)量(liang)(liang)的97%,其(qi)中前3位的貴(gui)州、陜西、四(si)川,三省(sheng)合計(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)74%。