發展歷史
法牛起源于法國。這(zhe)些犬(quan)與巴哥犬(quan)和其他梗犬(quan)品(pin)種交(jiao)配(pei)就產生了今天這(zhe)種犬(quan)。當時,這(zhe)種犬(quan)深受當地貴婦(fu)喜愛。
形態特征
頭(tou)粗壯,呈三角形,有(you)皺紋(wen),正方(fang)形、較(jiao)短的(de)獅子鼻和難看(kan)的(de)黑(hei)嘴唇遮蓋著它的(de)牙齒(chi)。
嘴寬且短、強壯有力,額段非(fei)常明(ming)顯。眼睛大,黑色,圓形(xing),輕微凸(tu)出。
耳(er)朵(duo)基部寬,大如(ru)蝙蝠(fu)翅膀狀,末端圓,直立,耳(er)朵(duo)自然豎立是(shi)
頸無皮肉下垂。
胸部寬,與身高(gao)不相稱,腹(fu)發達。
尾巴短,低垂(chui)、末端呈螺旋狀(zhuang),被毛短、平滑、柔軟、有(you)光澤,顏色有(you)黑色和淡(dan)紅色混合或白色背景帶有(you)虎(hu)斑.
性格特點
非常友(you)善,聰(cong)明且脾氣好,是很(hen)好的看(kan)門犬。
飼育要點
適合城市飼養(yang)。不耐熱。眼睛和(he)面部的褶子要定期檢查。
繁殖與配種
選種
選用良種(zhong)犬交配(pei)和繁殖(zhi),使犬的優(you)秀品質在它們(men)的后(hou)代身上得到鞏固和發展(zhan),使人們(men)不希望的缺(que)點在它們(men)后(hou)代身上逐漸消失,這是選種(zhong)的目的。
同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有相同(tong)(tong)(tong)優良(liang)(liang)性(xing)狀的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)和(he)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)時,不(bu)但可(ke)以保證它(ta)(ta)們后(hou)代(dai)的(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)純(chun)正,還(huan)可(ke)以在它(ta)(ta)們的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai)身上(shang)鞏固和(he)發展它(ta)(ta)們雙親(qin)身上(shang)的(de)(de)那些優良(liang)(liang)品(pin)質,這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)叫(jiao)純(chun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)。用某一(yi)優良(liang)(liang)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)與另一(yi)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei),由(you)于(yu)它(ta)(ta)們各具不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)優良(liang)(liang)性(xing)狀,因此可(ke)以獲得(de)具有雙親(qin)不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)優良(liang)(liang)品(pin)質的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)叫(jiao)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間雜交(jiao)。使(shi)用兩個不(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)獸和(he)母(mu)(mu)獸交(jiao)配(pei)(pei),培育(yu)出的(de)(de)新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或具有新性(xing)狀的(de)(de)后(hou)代(dai),這種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)(zhi)叫(jiao)混種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)雜交(jiao),如使(shi)用公(gong)(gong)狼與優秀的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)雜交(jiao).可(ke)以培育(yu)出對敵兇狠對主人溫順的(de)(de)新犬(quan)(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
種犬第一次開始交(jiao)配繁殖的最佳年齡
動(dong)物都(dou)有性成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)時(shi)(shi)間,性成(cheng)熟的(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)時(shi)(shi)間并不(bu)是最(zui)佳生(sheng)(sheng)育后(hou)(hou)代的(de)(de)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)(ling),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)也(ye)(ye)是這(zhe)樣。以中型犬(quan)(quan)(quan)為例,它(ta)們(men)在出生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)(hou)7~8月(yue)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)開始性成(cheng)熟,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)和母犬(quan)(quan)(quan)雖(sui)然都(dou)有了生(sheng)(sheng)育后(hou)(hou)代的(de)(de)能(neng) 力(li),但它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)發育尚不(bu)健全,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)繁(fan)(fan)殖的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)代也(ye)(ye)不(bu)會太好。就黑背(bei)、狼青、靈猩、昆明犬(quan)(quan)(quan)等來說(shuo),它(ta)們(men)第一(yi)次(ci)繁(fan)(fan)殖后(hou)(hou)代的(de)(de)最(zui)佳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)齡(ling)(ling)(ling):母犬(quan)(quan)(quan)應(ying)(ying)從出生(sheng)(sheng)后(hou)(hou)18月(yue)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)或(huo)20月(yue)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)開始,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)才發育完善(shan),也(ye)(ye)具有哺育乳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),因此母犬(quan)(quan)(quan)應(ying)(ying)在第三次(ci)發 情期配種(zhong)(zhong);公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)發育定型比母犬(quan)(quan)(quan)晚,因此,第一(yi)次(ci)配種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)最(zui)佳犬(quan)(quan)(quan)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)應(ying)(ying)在兩周(zhou)(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)開始。公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)配種(zhong)(zhong)年(nian)齡(ling)(ling)(ling)從兩周(zhou)(zhou)歲(sui)(sui)可以延續到七八歲(sui)(sui)齡(ling)(ling)(ling),要想得到良種(zhong)(zhong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)優良后(hou)(hou)代,配種(zhong)(zhong)前還(huan)必須加強(qiang)種(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)和種(zhong)(zhong)母犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)營養(yang),注(zhu)意對它(ta)們(men)進行(xing)適當(dang)訓練和運(yun)動(dong),不(bu)但要保(bao)持軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)健康、還(huan)要保(bao)持它(ta)們(men)興(xing)奮工(gong)作的(de)(de)積極性。
發情和發情期
性(xing)成熟(shu)的犬(quan)每年發(fa)(fa)情兩(liang)次。春季(ji)發(fa)(fa)情期在3~5月(yue),秋季(ji)發(fa)(fa)情期在9—11月(yue),兩(liang)次發(fa)(fa)情間隔約6個月(yue)。就母(mu)犬(quan)來說,母(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)(fa)情以(yi)母(mu)犬(quan)陰(yin)(yin)道(dao)流(liu)(liu)血(xue)為標志:陰(yin)(yin)道(dao)流(liu)(liu)血(xue)一般持續21天左右,但老齡母(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)(fa)情期陰(yin)(yin)道(dao)流(liu)(liu)血(xue)可能(neng)稍(shao)短(duan)一兩(liang)天。
母犬發情(qing)期的主要特征(zheng):
1、發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)唇(chun)腫脹、肥大、外突、初期(qi)(qi)粉(fen)(fen)紅(hong)(hong)色,明(ming)顯充血(xue)并(bing)有少量黏液伴隨血(xue)液從(cong)母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)道(dao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)出。隨著(zhu)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)延續,流(liu)(liu)(liu)出的(de)(de)血(xue)量逐日(ri)增(zeng)加,血(xue)液的(de)(de)顏色也由(you)粉(fen)(fen)紅(hong)(hong)色變(bian)為深紅(hong)(hong)色:發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)第8天(tian),血(xue)量最多最濃,血(xue)色最深。第9天(tian)以后血(xue)量漸少,濃度(du)漸稀,這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)唇(chun)也逐漸變(bian)為暗紅(hong)(hong)色。由(you)于這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)陰(yin)(yin)唇(chun)腫脹漸消(xiao),開(kai)始出現皺(zhou)紋,發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)母(mu)犬(quan)進(jin)入了排卵(luan)(luan)期(qi)(qi)。排卵(luan)(luan)期(qi)(qi)大約持(chi)續5—6天(tian),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)犬(quan)樂(le)意接(jie)受公犬(quan)爬跨。隨著(zhu)排卵(luan)(luan)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)延伸,發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)求(qiu)愛(ai)表現日(ri)熾,直到發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)第16天(tian),母(mu)犬(quan)開(kai)始討(tao)厭公犬(quan)糾纏(chan)、這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)(shi)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)(yin)道(dao)仍有血(xue)水流(liu)(liu)(liu)出,到第21天(tian)時(shi)(shi),陰(yin)(yin)道(dao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)血(xue)停止(zhi),陰(yin)(yin)唇(chun)腫脹消(xiao)退,母(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)結束。
2、發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)表情(qing)(qing)興(xing)奮。隨著發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期的(de)(de)持續,母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)興(xing)奮增強,表情(qing)(qing)比平時(shi)恍惚不(bu)(bu)安,吠聲粗大,雙目發(fa)(fa)亮。發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)熾期,母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)坐臥不(bu)(bu)安,食欲(yu)銳減,拴養的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)(bu)斷對空發(fa)(fa)出(chu)求(qiu)偶吠,養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者這(zhe)時(shi)如果用(yong)手按壓母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)腰部或撫摸犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尾(wei)時(shi),母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)站(zhan)立不(bu)(bu)動(dong),或把犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尾(wei)偏向一(yi)(yi)側(ce),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陰唇不(bu)(bu)斷抽動(dong),并且陰門頻頻開啟和閉合,這(zhe)時(shi)如用(yong)性成熟的(de)(de)公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)試情(qing)(qing)時(shi),發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)后肢叉開,出(chu)現主動(dong)接受交配狀。養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者在(zai)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)期,一(yi)(yi)定要密切觀察發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)上述(shu)變化和表情(qing)(qing),一(yi)(yi)定要記住母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)(fa)情(qing)(qing)開始(母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)陰道流血第(di)一(yi)(yi)天)的(de)(de)日子,以便推算出(chu)該母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)最佳的(de)(de)交配日:只有在(zai)最佳交配日配種(zhong),才(cai)能提高(gao)母(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)受胎率(lv)和產仔(zi)數。
最佳配種日和配種
根(gen)據觀(guan)察研究和養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實踐證明:發(fa)育正常母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)發(fa)情(qing)期共(gong)21天,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)的(de)(de)第(di)10天至第(di)13天是最(zui)(zui)(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)配(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)配(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)最(zui)(zui)(zui)易受(shou)(shou)孕。所以(yi)一(yi)般在(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)的(de)(de)第(di)10天進行首次(ci)(ci)(ci)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei),以(yi)后每天交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)1次(ci)(ci)(ci),連續交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)4次(ci)(ci)(ci),最(zui)(zui)(zui)后1次(ci)(ci)(ci)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)是母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)的(de)(de)第(di)13天;或(huo)在(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)第(di)10天首次(ci)(ci)(ci)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei),以(yi)后每隔1天交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)1次(ci)(ci)(ci),在(zai)(zai)最(zui)(zui)(zui)佳(jia)配(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)。 就(jiu)發(fa)情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)外生殖器的(de)(de)變化來說,到了第(di)10天的(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)(zui)佳(jia)配(pei)(pei)(pei)種(zhong)(zhong)日(ri)時(shi),發(fa)情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)腫脹的(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)已明顯(xian)消退,顏色(se)(se)呈暗紅色(se)(se),陰(yin)唇(chun)周圍出(chu)現(xian)皺紋,養犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者(zhe)用(yong)手指觸動刺激(ji)發(fa)情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)時(shi),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)神經很敏(min)感,會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)有節律(lv)的(de)(de)收縮,母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)還會(hui)本能地叉開(kai)后肢,出(chu)現(xian)接受(shou)(shou)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)狀。 就(jiu)發(fa)睛母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)這時(shi)的(de)(de)生理狀況來說,當母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接受(shou)(shou)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)、子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮受(shou)(shou)到精子(zi)(zi)(zi)刺激(ji)后,12~14小時(shi)開(kai)始排卵,排卵時(shi)間持續12~48小時(shi)。公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)射入母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體內的(de)(de)精子(zi)(zi)(zi),在(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)(zi)宮里存活48小時(shi)左右,這時(shi)遇到母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)卵子(zi)(zi)(zi)則結合“坐胎”。在(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)的(de)(de)第(di)10~13天的(de)(de)排卵期連續交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei)或(huo)隔Et交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)(pei),都會(hui)獲得最(zui)(zui)(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)受(shou)(shou)胎效果(guo)。
孕犬的飼養管理
母犬的(de)懷(huai)胎(tai)期為(wei)58~65天(tian),平均62天(tian)。其中,大型犬和(he)中型犬的(de)孕(yun)期約(yue)63天(tian),哈(ha)巴狗(gou)等小型犬的(de)孕(yun)期約(yue)60天(tian)。為(wei)了保證(zheng)繁殖的(de)后代品種(zhong)純正,母犬配(pei)種(zhong)后的(de)最(zui)初幾(ji)天(tian),不許該母犬接近其他品種(zhong)的(de)公犬,以免所(suo)產子代不純。
母(mu)犬(quan)孕(yun)期喂(wei)養(yang)要(yao)(yao)精(jing)心,飼料營養(yang)要(yao)(yao)豐富(fu),數量要(yao)(yao)充足,任其自由取(qu)食。還(huan)必須喂(wei)點軟(ruan)骨、青綠鮮(xian)菜、魚肝油等。孕(yun)犬(quan)要(yao)(yao)有(you)(you)適當的活(huo)動,懷孕(yun)第(di)一(yi)個月的母(mu)犬(quan),每天(tian)可以進(jin)行(xing)專業(ye)科(ke)目訓(xun)練活(huo)動;懷孕(yun)第(di)二個月開(kai)始,孕(yun)犬(quan)停止訓(xun)練,不許(xu)(xu)跳躍,也不許(xu)(xu)參加專業(ye)活(huo)動,但每天(tian)主人要(yao)(yao)帶它散步兩小時(shi)。活(huo)動不適當,對孕(yun)犬(quan)很有(you)(you)害。
常見病的防治和養犬者的自身保護
現將犬病(bing)中最(zui)嚴重和最(zui)常見的做(zuo)以下簡介(jie)
狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing):是(shi)(shi)(shi)由濾過性病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引(yin)起的(de)(de)急性傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing),該病(bing)(bing)(bing)人畜共患,危害(hai)十分嚴(yan)重(zhong),死亡率幾乎100%,至今無(wu)藥可醫(yi),注(zhu)射狂犬疫(yi)苗(miao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)惟一的(de)(de)有效預防措施(shi)。目前我國生產的(de)(de)預防狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)疫(yi)苗(miao)有兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)弱(ruo)毒細胞凍干(gan)苗(miao)和狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)疫(yi)苗(miao)。狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)弱(ruo)毒細胞凍干(gan)苗(miao),用滅菌(jun)水稀釋(shi)后,不(bu)論犬只大小(xiao),一律(lv)皮下注(zhu)射1毫升,免(mian)疫(yi)期1年(nian)。狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)疫(yi)苗(miao),體重(zhong)4千(qian)克以(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)犬,每次(ci)注(zhu)射3毫升;體重(zhong)4千(qian)克以(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)犬,每次(ci)注(zhu)射5毫升,免(mian)疫(yi)期半年(nian)。此外(wai),注(zhu)射五聯苗(miao)或六聯苗(miao),更是(shi)(shi)(shi)預防狂犬病(bing)(bing)(bing)等多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)疫(yi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)良(liang)法:上述疫(yi)苗(miao)接種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后雖無(wu)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)不(bu)良(liang)反應(ying),但應(ying)按說明注(zhu)射。
蛔蟲病:是傳播很廣泛的腸道寄(ji)生(sheng)蟲病,嚴重影響幼犬和青(qing)年(nian)犬的正常發育。
偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing):本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)由(you)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)引起(qi)的多種家畜(chu)和野生動(dong)物共(gong)患的傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing),豬的發病(bing)(bing)(bing)率(lv)高,犬(quan)(quan)也(ye)感(gan)染。犬(quan)(quan)是(shi)由(you)于吃了患偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的牛肉(rou)、豬肉(rou)、鼠(shu)肉(rou)等(deng)被感(gan)染,或(huo)由(you)犬(quan)(quan)的傷(shang)(shang)(shang)口(kou)(kou)感(gan)染所(suo)致。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)死亡(wang)率(lv)高,但(dan)并不(bu)向外排(pai)泄病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)初凝視(shi)、沉郁(yu)、搔(sao)抓受傷(shang)(shang)(shang)處。傷(shang)(shang)(shang)口(kou)(kou)周圍紅(hong)腫,病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)呻吟、拒食(shi)、嘔吐,啃(ken)咬異物,咽麻痹(bi),流口(kou)(kou)涎,出現類(lei)似狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的癥(zheng)狀(zhuang)而死亡(wang)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)預(yu)防為主:嚴禁犬(quan)(quan)進入豬舍,對4月齡以(yi)上(shang)的幼犬(quan)(quan)注射偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)弱毒(du)疫苗是(shi)良策。
犬細小病(bing)(bing)毒病(bing)(bing):本病(bing)(bing)是近幾年(nian)分(fen)別發(fa)現由(you)病(bing)(bing)畜(chu)的(de)(de)(de)糞、尿,唾液等感(gan)染的(de)(de)(de)犬科動物傳染病(bing)(bing)。主要危害幼犬。腸(chang)炎(yan)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)人精神不(bu)振(zhen),體溫(wen)升(sheng)高,拒(ju)食、嘔吐、腹瀉(xie),排出(chu)稀糊便、水樣便和噴射(she)式排出(chu)番茄樣的(de)(de)(de)臭便,不(bu)久因脫水死(si)亡,心(xin)肌(ji)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)犬腹瀉(xie)輕,往(wang)往(wang)突(tu)然死(si)于呼吸困難。本病(bing)(bing)易誤診為腸(chang)炎(yan)、痢疾、肺(fei)炎(yan)等。病(bing)(bing)犬死(si)亡率10%—50%,病(bing)(bing)犬由(you)獸醫對(dui)癥治(zhi)療,注射(she)抗毒素1號對(dui)本病(bing)(bing)有(you)較好的(de)(de)(de)療效。發(fa)病(bing)(bing)前注射(she)犬細小病(bing)(bing)毒疫苗或五聯疫苗是預(yu)防(fang)本病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)(de)上策。
犬瘟(wen)熱:本病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引起的(de)(de)急性傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing),主要危害3—12月齡的(de)(de)幼(you)犬。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬食欲減退、嘔吐(tu)、倦怠、寒戰(zhan)、咳嗽、高(gao)燒,糞便惡臭或(huo)帶(dai)血(xue);跟怕光、流淚,流鼻(bi)涕或(huo)膿樣(yang)鼻(bi)液,出現支氣管炎(yan)或(huo)肺炎(yan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)變;軀體痙攣樣(yang)運(yun)動,尖叫狂奔,口吐(tu)白(bai)沫或(huo)倒地(di)抽搐,病(bing)(bing)(bing)程(cheng)或(huo)長或(huo)短,愈(yu)后(hou)往往有后(hou)軀無力(li)的(de)(de)后(hou)遺癥,有的(de)(de)幾(ji)個月后(hou)死亡。本病(bing)(bing)(bing)多發生在寒冷(leng)的(de)(de)10—4月,病(bing)(bing)(bing)死率(lv)高(gao)。治療本病(bing)(bing)(bing)可注(zhu)射安乃(nai)近(jin)、肌(ji)肉注(zhu)射青霉素或(huo)口服磺胺(an)類藥物。斷奶的(de)(de)幼(you)犬接種五聯疫苗是(shi)預防本病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)上策。
犬(quan)傳(chuan)染(ran)性肝(gan)炎:本(ben)病(bing)(bing)是由(you)犬(quan)傳(chuan)染(ran)肝(gan)炎病(bing)(bing)毒(du)引起(qi)的急性敗(bai)血(xue)性傳(chuan)染(ran)病(bing)(bing),主要侵(qin)害1歲齡以內的幼犬(quan)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)初起(qi),體溫升至41℃,倦怠、渴(ke)飲、腹瀉、便血(xue)、怕光(guang)、拱背等。幼犬(quan)死亡率(lv)高;成年犬(quan)耐過危險期可康復。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)輸液(ye)和補充維生素(su)B、維生素(su)C治療,注射抗生素(su)預(yu)防感染(ran),口服(fu)肝(gan)太樂護肝(gan)。
犬結(jie)(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing):結(jie)(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing)有人型(xing)、牛型(xing)、禽型(xing)三(san)種。犬結(jie)(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing)由人型(xing)或牛型(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)核(he)病(bing)菌引起(qi)。幼犬易發(fa)病(bing),對人也有威脅(xie)。患開放性(xing)肺(fei)結(jie)(jie)(jie)核(he)的病(bing)犬,應撲殺和(he)深埋處理,以免擴大傳染。
大腦膜(mo)炎:本(ben)病(bing)(bing)由腦膜(mo)炎病(bing)(bing)原菌感染發(fa)(fa)病(bing)(bing)。病(bing)(bing)犬陣發(fa)(fa)性 肌肉(rou)僵直(zhi)或抽(chou)搐(chu),角弓反張。病(bing)(bing)犬無治療價值,應撲殺深埋(mai)處理(li)。
犬腦炎:本病(bing)(bing)(bing)或因(yin)神經細(xi)胞被破壞、或由(you)犬瘟(wen)熱病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒引起、或因(yin)腦內原(yuan)蟲侵入、或其他病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒感染等不(bu)(bu)同的病(bing)(bing)(bing)因(yin)引起的病(bing)(bing)(bing)變(bian)。主要(yao)癥狀是高燒(shao)、嘔(ou)吐、嗜睡(shui)、頸強直、驚厥抽(chou)搐(chu)、意(yi)識不(bu)(bu)清,死于呼吸衰竭。發病(bing)(bing)(bing)早期可對癥治療;病(bing)(bing)(bing)情嚴(yan)重的應撲殺和深埋處(chu)理(li)。
肺(fei)炎:病犬精(jing)神不(bu)振,食(shi)欲不(bu)佳,喜(xi)臥地,愛飲水,體溫39.5—40℃。有明顯(xian)的肺(fei)炎征(zheng)兆(zhao)。本病可注射(she)(she)安痛定(ding)降體溫,肌肉注射(she)(she)青(qing)霉(mei)素或(huo)口眼紅霉(mei)素的療效(xiao)也很好。
犬霉(mei)菌肺炎(yan):本病系(xi)霉(mei)菌感染,也傳染人。霉(mei)菌性肺炎(yan)的癥狀:咳嗽、呼吸(xi)困難、腹水(shui)、腹瀉、嚴重脫水(shui)等。
犬感冒(mao):本病由于淋雨(yu)、受涼、疲勞過度和營養不良(liang)等(deng)致(zhi)病。病犬厭食、高燒、流(liu)淚、咳嗽、呼吸(xi)和脈搏加快、精神(shen)沉(chen)郁等(deng)。
養犬必須注意自身保護
犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)是(shi)(shi)畜生(sheng),再有靈性的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)也是(shi)(shi)畜生(sheng),因此,不(bu)(bu)(bu)但訓(xun)練警犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)學習逮(dai)捕本領時(shi)(shi),助訓(xun)員要穿好防(fang)護(hu)(hu)衣,平(ping)時(shi)(shi)養(yang)(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)訓(xun)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)時(shi)(shi)也必須隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)注(zhu)(zhu)意自(zi)身的(de)安全防(fang)護(hu)(hu),不(bu)(bu)(bu)要被(bei)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)咬傷(shang)(shang)(shang)或(huo)銜(xian)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)。有的(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)會(hui)因一時(shi)(shi)野(ye)性發作,攻擊主(zhu)人或(huo)咬傷(shang)(shang)(shang)鄰居(ju)和(he)行人,就是(shi)(shi)那些(xie)訓(xun)練有素(su)的(de)健(jian)康犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan),偶(ou)爾也會(hui)銜(xian)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)主(zhu)人的(de)手或(huo)腿等部位。不(bu)(bu)(bu)管什么(me)原因被(bei)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)咬傷(shang)(shang)(shang)或(huo)銜(xian)傷(shang)(shang)(shang)達到出血程度時(shi)(shi),除(chu)對傷(shang)(shang)(shang)口(kou)進行常規處理外,還應(ying)在(zai)24小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)內立(li)即到當地(di)防(fang)疫(yi)站皮下注(zhu)(zhu)射狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)病疫(yi)苗,防(fang)患于未然。千萬不(bu)(bu)(bu)要掉以輕心(xin)。養(yang)(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)場的(de)飼養(yang)(yang)員應(ying)定期(qi)注(zhu)(zhu)射預防(fang)狂(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)病的(de)疫(yi)苗。養(yang)(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者(zhe)家中的(de)小(xiao)孩,不(bu)(bu)(bu)要輕易接近犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)或(huo)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)窩,以防(fang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)獸性管作而傷(shang)(shang)(shang)人。