法國的(de)長卷(juan)毛犬(quan)(quan)(quan)、匈牙利(li)的(de)水獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)、葡萄(tao)牙水犬(quan)(quan)(quan)、愛(ai)爾蘭水犬(quan)(quan)(quan)、西班牙獵(lie)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),甚至馬爾濟斯犬(quan)(quan)(quan),都(dou)有可能是(shi)貴賓犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)祖先。
貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)在法國(guo)被(bei)(bei)視(shi)為(wei)(wei)國(guo)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),很(hen)多(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)認為(wei)(wei)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)原產于法國(guo),但許(xu)多(duo)(duo)國(guo)家(jia)(jia)仍對貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)起(qi)源爭執不休,都想把它(ta)據為(wei)(wei)己(ji)有(you)(you)(you)。德國(guo)、前(qian)蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)、意(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)利(li)等(deng)國(guo)均各抒己(ji)見,認為(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)(you)些品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)產于他(ta)們的(de)(de)國(guo)家(jia)(jia),如白毛(mao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)法國(guo)居(ju)多(duo)(duo),棕毛(mao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)產于德國(guo),黑毛(mao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)前(qian)蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)為(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo),茶褐色品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則以(yi)意(yi)(yi)(yi)大(da)利(li)為(wei)(wei)多(duo)(duo)。有(you)(you)(you)些史學(xue)家(jia)(jia)深信,德國(guo)、前(qian)蘇(su)聯(lian)(lian)、法國(guo)在貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)發(fa)展過程中,均扮演過極其重要的(de)(de)角色。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)起(qi)源于歐洲,具(ju)(ju)體是(shi)哪個國(guo)家(jia)(jia)還有(you)(you)(you)爭議。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)以(yi)水中捕獵而(er)著稱(cheng),是(shi)水獵犬(quan)(quan)(quan)。但是(shi)只(zhi)有(you)(you)(you)標準(zhun)(zhun)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)具(ju)(ju)有(you)(you)(you)工作能力。它(ta)是(shi)聰(cong)(cong)明(ming)而(er)善解人(ren)(ren)(ren)意(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。多(duo)(duo)年以(yi)來,它(ta)一(yi)直被(bei)(bei)認為(wei)(wei)是(shi)法國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)根據體型(xing)(xing)大(da)小被(bei)(bei)AKC標準(zhun)(zhun)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)標準(zhun)(zhun)型(xing)(xing),迷(mi)你型(xing)(xing),玩具(ju)(ju)型(xing)(xing)三種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。而(er)FCI把它(ta)們分(fen)為(wei)(wei)大(da)型(xing)(xing),中型(xing)(xing),迷(mi)你型(xing)(xing),玩具(ju)(ju)型(xing)(xing)四種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)氣質獨特,造型(xing)(xing)多(duo)(duo)變,贏(ying)得了許(xu)多(duo)(duo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)歡(huan)心,給(gei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)漂亮(liang)的(de)(de)、聰(cong)(cong)明(ming)的(de)(de)印象(xiang)。值得注意(yi)(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)是(shi),并沒有(you)(you)(you)泰(tai)迪這(zhe)個品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)犬(quan)(quan)(quan),泰(tai)迪不是(shi)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),它(ta)只(zhi)是(shi)貴(gui)(gui)(gui)賓(bin)(bin)(bin)(bin)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)眾多(duo)(duo)美(mei)容造型(xing)(xing)中的(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)名稱(cheng)。
貴賓犬(quan)性格活潑,性情優(you)(you)良,極易近人,是一(yi)種(zhong)忠實的犬(quan)種(zhong)。非常敏捷(jie),聰(cong)明(ming)而(er)(er)優(you)(you)雅的狗(gou),正方形(xing)結構、比例勻稱,步伐有力(li)而(er)(er)自信。
它的(de)(de)被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)通常修剪成傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang),被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)有卷曲(qu)型(xing)和(he)繩索型(xing):卷曲(qu)型(xing)被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)粗硬、濃密:繩索型(xing)被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)下(xia)垂,身體各部(bu)(bu)位被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)長(chang)度不等,頸部(bu)(bu)、軀干、頭部(bu)(bu)和(he)耳部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)被(bei)(bei)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)很長(chang)。
它的頭顱頂部(bu)稍圓,眉頭隨(sui)淺但很清晰(xi),面(mian)頰平坦(tan);眼(yan)(yan)睛顏(yan)色很深呈(cheng)卵(luan)圓形,兩眼(yan)(yan)間距寬,眼(yan)(yan)神機(ji)警;吻部(bu)長直而(er)纖細,眼(yan)(yan)睛下方有輕微(wei)誒凹陷。頸部(bu)強壯(zhuang),頸長可(ke)以使頭部(bu)高高抬起;胸部(bu)深而(er)擴張,肋部(bu)伸展(zhan)。后腳跟短(duan),與地面(mian)垂直 。
貴賓犬的(de)(de)(de)(de)頭(tou)(tou)部較(jiao)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)犬,為了(le)彌(mi)補這一(yi)缺點,可(ke)把頭(tou)(tou)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)留長些(xie),并剪成圓形,而(er)(er)頸部的(de)(de)(de)(de)被毛(mao)(mao)(mao)要(yao)自然垂下,耳朵的(de)(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)要(yao)留長,這樣才顯得(de)頭(tou)(tou)部稍大而(er)(er)美觀。頭(tou)(tou)部較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)犬,則應(ying)將毛(mao)(mao)(mao)剪短,而(er)(er)頸部的(de)(de)(de)(de)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)不需剪短。
貴賓犬的(de)(de)幼犬很容易(yi)患病,平時(shi)要特別注意(yi)預防,注意(yi)它的(de)(de)飲食(shi)衛生(sheng)。食(shi)物中必須(xu)具有豐富(fu)的(de)(de)蛋白質,每天給予(yu)肉(rou)類(lei)不得少于100克。喂前要加等量的(de)(de)素食(shi)或餅(bing)干用水(shui)調(diao)和,同時(shi)應供給些(xie)新鮮清(qing)潔的(de)(de)飲水(shui)。
早晚應各(ge)梳毛1次(ci),每次(ci)梳毛5分鐘。
梳毛要注意順序:由頸部開始,由前向后(hou)(hou),自上(shang)而下(xia)順次(ci)進行(xing),即先從(cong)頸部到肩部,然后(hou)(hou)依次(ci)背(bei)、胸、腰、腹、后(hou)(hou)軀,再梳(shu)(shu)頭部,最后(hou)(hou)是四(si)肢和(he)尾(wei)部,梳(shu)(shu)理(li)過程(cheng)中(zhong)應梳(shu)(shu)完(wan)一(yi)側(ce)再梳(shu)(shu)另一(yi)側(ce)。
梳毛的手法:梳(shu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)應(ying)按順毛(mao)(mao)(mao)方向快速梳(shu)拉。許多人在(zai)給長(chang)(chang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)犬(quan)梳(shu)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)時(shi),只梳(shu)表面(mian)的長(chang)(chang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)而忽略了下面(mian)的細(xi)茸毛(mao)(mao)(mao)梳(shu)理。犬(quan)的底毛(mao)(mao)(mao),細(xi)軟而綿密,長(chang)(chang)期不梳(shu)理,會形成纏結,甚至會引起(qi)濕(shi)疹、皮(pi)癬或其(qi)他皮(pi)膚病。因此在(zai)對長(chang)(chang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)犬(quan)梳(shu)理時(shi),應(ying)一層一層地梳(shu),還要(yao)把長(chang)(chang)毛(mao)(mao)(mao)翻起(qi)來,然后(hou)對其(qi)底毛(mao)(mao)(mao)進行(xing)梳(shu)理。
梳子的種類:毛刷、彈(dan)性鋼絲刷和長(chang)而(er)(er)疏(shu)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)梳(shu)。毛刷只(zhi)能使(shi)長(chang)毛的(de)末端蓬松(song),而(er)(er)細茸(rong)毛卻梳(shu)不到。梳(shu)理長(chang)毛犬時,毛刷、彈(dan)性鋼絲刷和長(chang)而(er)(er)疏(shu)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)梳(shu)應配(pei)合使(shi)用。
選用良(liang)種(zhong)犬交配(pei)和(he)繁殖,使犬的優秀品質在它(ta)們的后代身上得到(dao)鞏固和(he)發展(zhan),使人們不希望的缺(que)點在它(ta)們后代身上逐漸消失,這是選種(zhong)的目的。
同一品種(zhong)具(ju)有相同優良性(xing)(xing)狀的(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)和(he)(he)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)時,不(bu)但可以(yi)保(bao)證它們后(hou)(hou)(hou)代的(de)(de)品種(zhong)純正,還可以(yi)在(zai)它們的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代身上(shang)鞏(gong)固和(he)(he)發展它們雙(shuang)親身上(shang)的(de)(de)那些優良品質,這種(zhong)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)叫純種(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)。用某一優良品種(zhong)的(de)(de)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)與另一品種(zhong)的(de)(de)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei),由于它們各具(ju)不(bu)同的(de)(de)優良性(xing)(xing)狀,因(yin)此可以(yi)獲得具(ju)有雙(shuang)親不(bu)同優良品質的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代,這種(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)叫品種(zhong)間雜(za)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。使(shi)用兩個(ge)不(bu)同種(zhong)的(de)(de)公(gong)獸和(he)(he)母(mu)獸交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei),培育出的(de)(de)新(xin)品種(zhong)或具(ju)有新(xin)性(xing)(xing)狀的(de)(de)后(hou)(hou)(hou)代,這種(zhong)繁(fan)(fan)(fan)殖(zhi)叫混種(zhong)雜(za)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),如使(shi)用公(gong)狼與優秀的(de)(de)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)雜(za)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),可以(yi)培育出對敵兇狠對主(zhu)人溫順的(de)(de)新(xin)犬(quan)(quan)種(zhong)。
動物都有性成熟的具體時間,性(xing)成熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)時(shi)間并不(bu)(bu)是最佳(jia)(jia)生育(yu)后代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年齡,犬(quan)(quan)也(ye)是這(zhe)(zhe)樣。以中型(xing)犬(quan)(quan)為例,它(ta)們(men)在出(chu)生后7~8月(yue)齡開始(shi)性(xing)成熟(shu),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)和母犬(quan)(quan)雖然都有了生育(yu)后代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng) 力(li),但它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)尚不(bu)(bu)健全(quan),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)繁(fan)殖的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后代(dai)也(ye)不(bu)(bu)會太好(hao)。就(jiu)黑背、狼青、靈提、昆(kun)明犬(quan)(quan)等(deng)來說,它(ta)們(men)第一次繁(fan)殖后代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳(jia)(jia)犬(quan)(quan)齡:母犬(quan)(quan)應(ying)從(cong)(cong)出(chu)生后18月(yue)齡或20月(yue)齡開始(shi),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)才發(fa)(fa)育(yu)完善,也(ye)具有哺(bu)育(yu)乳犬(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li),因此母犬(quan)(quan)應(ying)在第三次發(fa)(fa) 情期配種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)發(fa)(fa)育(yu)定型(xing)比母犬(quan)(quan)晚,因此,第一次配種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最佳(jia)(jia)犬(quan)(quan)齡應(ying)在兩(liang)周(zhou)歲開始(shi)。公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)年齡從(cong)(cong)兩(liang)周(zhou)歲可以延續到七八歲齡,要(yao)想得到良(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)犬(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優良(liang)后代(dai),配種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)還(huan)必須加強種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)公(gong)犬(quan)(quan)和種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)母犬(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)營養,注意對它(ta)們(men)進行適當訓練和運動,不(bu)(bu)但要(yao)保持軀體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)健康、還(huan)要(yao)保持它(ta)們(men)興奮工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積(ji)極性(xing)。
性成熟的犬每(mei)年發(fa)情(qing)兩次(ci)。春季(ji)發(fa)情(qing)期在(zai)3~5月,秋季(ji)發(fa)情(qing)期在(zai)9—11月,兩次(ci)發(fa)情(qing)間(jian)隔(ge)約(yue)6個月。就(jiu)母(mu)犬來說(shuo),母(mu)犬發(fa)情(qing)以(yi)母(mu)犬陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)(dao)流(liu)血(xue)為標志:陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)(dao)流(liu)血(xue)一般持續21天(tian)左右,但老齡母(mu)犬發(fa)情(qing)期陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)(dao)流(liu)血(xue)可能稍短一兩天(tian):
母犬發情期的主要特征:
1、發(fa)情母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)唇(chun)腫脹、肥大、外突(tu)、初(chu)期(qi)粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se),明(ming)顯充血(xue)(xue)(xue)并有少量(liang)黏液伴隨(sui)血(xue)(xue)(xue)液從母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)流出(chu)。隨(sui)著(zhu)發(fa)情期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延(yan)續,流出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)血(xue)(xue)(xue)量(liang)逐日增加(jia),血(xue)(xue)(xue)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏色(se)(se)(se)也(ye)由(you)粉(fen)紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)變為深紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se):發(fa)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)第8天(tian),血(xue)(xue)(xue)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)多(duo)最(zui)(zui)濃,血(xue)(xue)(xue)色(se)(se)(se)最(zui)(zui)深。第9天(tian)以(yi)后血(xue)(xue)(xue)量(liang)漸(jian)(jian)少,濃度漸(jian)(jian)稀,這(zhe)時陰(yin)唇(chun)也(ye)逐漸(jian)(jian)變為暗紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)。由(you)于這(zhe)時陰(yin)唇(chun)腫脹漸(jian)(jian)消(xiao)(xiao),開(kai)始出(chu)現皺紋,發(fa)情的(de)(de)(de)(de)母(mu)犬(quan)進入了排卵期(qi)。排卵期(qi)大約持續5—6天(tian),這(zhe)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)情母(mu)犬(quan)樂意接受公(gong)犬(quan)爬跨。隨(sui)著(zhu)排卵期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)延(yan)伸,發(fa)情母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)求愛(ai)表現日熾,直到發(fa)情期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第16天(tian),母(mu)犬(quan)開(kai)始討厭公(gong)犬(quan)糾(jiu)纏(chan)、這(zhe)時發(fa)情母(mu)犬(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)仍有血(xue)(xue)(xue)水流出(chu),到第21天(tian)時,陰(yin)道(dao)(dao)流血(xue)(xue)(xue)停(ting)止,陰(yin)唇(chun)腫脹消(xiao)(xiao)退,母(mu)犬(quan)發(fa)情結束。
2、發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)表(biao)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)興(xing)奮(fen)。隨著(zhu)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi)的(de)持(chi)續(xu),母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)興(xing)奮(fen)增強(qiang),表(biao)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)比平時(shi)恍惚不(bu)安(an),吠聲粗大,雙(shuang)目發(fa)亮(liang)。發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)熾(chi)期(qi)(qi),母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)坐臥不(bu)安(an),食欲(yu)銳減,拴養(yang)的(de)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)不(bu)斷對空發(fa)出(chu)求(qiu)偶吠,養(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者這(zhe)時(shi)如(ru)果用手按壓(ya)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)腰(yao)部或(huo)撫摸犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尾時(shi),母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)站(zhan)立(li)不(bu)動(dong),或(huo)把犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)尾偏向(xiang)一(yi)側,犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)陰(yin)唇不(bu)斷抽(chou)動(dong),并且陰(yin)門頻(pin)頻(pin)開(kai)啟和閉合,這(zhe)時(shi)如(ru)用性成(cheng)熟的(de)公犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)試情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)時(shi),發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)的(de)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)后(hou)肢叉開(kai),出(chu)現主動(dong)接(jie)受交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)狀。養(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者在(zai)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)期(qi)(qi),一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)密切觀察發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)上述變(bian)化(hua)和表(biao)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),一(yi)定(ding)要(yao)記住母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發(fa)情(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)開(kai)始(shi)(母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)陰(yin)道流血(xue)第一(yi)天)的(de)日(ri)子,以便推算出(chu)該母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)最佳(jia)(jia)的(de)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)日(ri):只(zhi)有在(zai)最佳(jia)(jia)交(jiao)配(pei)(pei)日(ri)配(pei)(pei)種(zhong),才能提高(gao)母(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)受胎率和產仔數(shu)。
根據(ju)觀察研究和養(yang)(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)實踐證明(ming):發育正常母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)發情(qing)期共(gong)21天(tian)(tian)(tian),母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情(qing)的(de)第(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)至第(di)13天(tian)(tian)(tian)是(shi)最佳(jia)的(de)配(pei)(pei)種日配(pei)(pei)種母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)最易受(shou)(shou)孕。所以(yi)一般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情(qing)的(de)第(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)進行首次(ci)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei),以(yi)后每天(tian)(tian)(tian)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)1次(ci),連(lian)續交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)4次(ci),最后1次(ci)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)是(shi)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情(qing)的(de)第(di)13天(tian)(tian)(tian);或(huo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情(qing)第(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)首次(ci)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei),以(yi)后每隔1天(tian)(tian)(tian)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)1次(ci),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)最佳(jia)配(pei)(pei)種日交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)2次(ci)。 就(jiu)發情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)外(wai)生殖器的(de)變化來說,到(dao)了第(di)10天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)最佳(jia)配(pei)(pei)種日時(shi)(shi),發情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)腫脹的(de)陰(yin)(yin)唇已明(ming)顯消退,顏(yan)色呈暗(an)紅色,陰(yin)(yin)唇周圍出(chu)現皺紋,養(yang)(yang)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)者用手指觸動刺激發情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)陰(yin)(yin)唇時(shi)(shi),犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)陰(yin)(yin)唇神經很敏(min)感,會出(chu)現有(you)節律的(de)收縮,母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)還會本能地叉開后肢,出(chu)現接受(shou)(shou)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)狀。 就(jiu)發情(qing)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)這時(shi)(shi)的(de)生理(li)狀況來說,當(dang)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)接受(shou)(shou)公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)、子宮(gong)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)精子刺激后,12~14小時(shi)(shi)開始(shi)排(pai)卵(luan),排(pai)卵(luan)時(shi)(shi)間持續12~48小時(shi)(shi)。公(gong)(gong)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)射(she)入母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)體內(nei)的(de)精子,在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)子宮(gong)里(li)存活48小時(shi)(shi)左右(you),這時(shi)(shi)遇到(dao)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)卵(luan)子則(ze)結合“坐胎”。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)發情(qing)的(de)第(di)10~13天(tian)(tian)(tian)的(de)排(pai)卵(luan)期連(lian)續交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei)或(huo)隔日交(jiao)(jiao)配(pei)(pei),都會獲得最佳(jia)的(de)受(shou)(shou)胎效果。
母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)的懷胎期為58~65天(tian)(tian),平均62天(tian)(tian)。其(qi)中,大(da)型(xing)(xing)犬(quan)(quan)和中型(xing)(xing)犬(quan)(quan)的孕期約63天(tian)(tian),哈巴(ba)狗(gou)等小(xiao)型(xing)(xing)犬(quan)(quan)的孕期約60天(tian)(tian)。為了保證繁殖的后(hou)代(dai)品種(zhong)純正,母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)配種(zhong)后(hou)的最初幾(ji)天(tian)(tian),不許該母(mu)(mu)(mu)犬(quan)(quan)接(jie)近其(qi)他品種(zhong)的公(gong)犬(quan)(quan),以(yi)免(mian)所產子(zi)代(dai)不純。
母犬孕(yun)(yun)期喂(wei)養(yang)要精(jing)心,飼料營養(yang)要豐富,數量要充足,任其自(zi)由取(qu)食。還(huan)必(bi)須喂(wei)點軟骨、青綠鮮菜、魚肝油等。孕(yun)(yun)犬要有適(shi)當的活(huo)動,懷孕(yun)(yun)第一(yi)個月(yue)的母犬,每天可以進行專業科目訓練(lian)活(huo)動;懷孕(yun)(yun)第二(er)個月(yue)開始,孕(yun)(yun)犬停(ting)止訓練(lian),不(bu)許跳躍(yue),也不(bu)許參加專業活(huo)動,但每天主人要帶它散步兩小(xiao)時。活(huo)動不(bu)適(shi)當,對孕(yun)(yun)犬很有害。
狂犬病
其是由濾(lv)過性(xing)病(bing)(bing)毒(du)引起的(de)急(ji)性(xing)傳染病(bing)(bing),該病(bing)(bing)人畜共患,危害十分嚴重,死亡(wang)率幾乎100%,至今(jin)無藥可(ke)醫,注射(she)狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)疫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)是惟一(yi)的(de)有效預(yu)(yu)防(fang)措施。目前我國生產的(de)預(yu)(yu)防(fang)狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)的(de)疫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)有兩種(zhong):狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)弱毒(du)細胞(bao)(bao)凍干苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)和狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)疫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)弱毒(du)細胞(bao)(bao)凍干苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),用滅菌水稀釋后(hou),不(bu)論犬(quan)(quan)只大小,一(yi)律皮下注射(she)1毫升(sheng),免(mian)疫期(qi)(qi)1年(nian)(nian)。狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)疫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),體重4千克以下的(de)犬(quan)(quan),每次注射(she)3毫升(sheng);體重4千克以上的(de)犬(quan)(quan),每次注射(she)5毫升(sheng),免(mian)疫期(qi)(qi)半年(nian)(nian)。此外,注射(she)五聯(lian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)或(huo)六聯(lian)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao),更是預(yu)(yu)防(fang)狂(kuang)(kuang)犬(quan)(quan)病(bing)(bing)等多種(zhong)疫病(bing)(bing)的(de)良(liang)(liang)法:上述疫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)接種(zhong)后(hou)雖(sui)無明顯的(de)不(bu)良(liang)(liang)反應,但應按說明注射(she)。
蛔蟲病
其是傳播很廣泛(fan)的腸(chang)道寄生蟲病,嚴重(zhong)影(ying)響(xiang)幼(you)犬和(he)青年犬的正(zheng)常(chang)發(fa)育。
偽狂犬病
本病(bing)(bing)(bing)是(shi)由病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)引起(qi)的多(duo)種家畜和(he)野(ye)生動物共患(huan)的傳染(ran)(ran)(ran)病(bing)(bing)(bing),豬(zhu)的發病(bing)(bing)(bing)率高(gao),犬(quan)也感(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)。犬(quan)是(shi)由于吃了(le)患(huan)偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的牛肉、豬(zhu)肉、鼠肉等被感(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran),或(huo)由犬(quan)的傷口感(gan)染(ran)(ran)(ran)所(suo)致。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)死亡(wang)率高(gao),但(dan)并不向外排泄病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)。病(bing)(bing)(bing)初(chu)凝視、沉(chen)郁、搔(sao)抓受傷處(chu)。傷口周圍紅腫,病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)呻(shen)吟(yin)、拒食、嘔吐(tu),啃咬異物,咽(yan)麻痹,流口涎,出現類似(si)狂(kuang)犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的癥狀而死亡(wang)。本病(bing)(bing)(bing)以(yi)預防為主:嚴(yan)禁犬(quan)進入豬(zhu)舍,對4月(yue)齡以(yi)上的幼(you)犬(quan)注射偽狂(kuang)犬(quan)病(bing)(bing)(bing)弱(ruo)毒(du)疫(yi)苗是(shi)良策。
犬細小病毒病
本病(bing)(bing)(bing)是近幾年(nian)分別發現由病(bing)(bing)(bing)畜的(de)(de)糞、尿,唾液等感染的(de)(de)犬(quan)(quan)科動物傳染病(bing)(bing)(bing)。主要(yao)危害幼(you)犬(quan)(quan)。腸(chang)炎型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)人精神不振,體溫升高,拒食、嘔吐、腹瀉,排出(chu)稀糊(hu)便、水樣便和噴射(she)式排出(chu)番茄樣的(de)(de)臭便,不久因脫水死(si)亡(wang)(wang),心肌型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)腹瀉輕,往(wang)往(wang)突然死(si)于呼吸困難。本病(bing)(bing)(bing)易誤診為腸(chang)炎、痢(li)疾、肺炎等。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)死(si)亡(wang)(wang)率10%—50%,病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬(quan)(quan)由獸醫(yi)對癥(zheng)治療(liao),注射(she)抗毒素1號對本病(bing)(bing)(bing)有較好的(de)(de)療(liao)效。發病(bing)(bing)(bing)前注射(she)犬(quan)(quan)細小病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒疫苗或(huo)五聯疫苗是預防本病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)上策。
犬瘟熱
本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)是病(bing)(bing)(bing)毒(du)引(yin)起的(de)急性傳(chuan)染病(bing)(bing)(bing),主要危害3—12月齡的(de)幼(you)(you)犬。病(bing)(bing)(bing)犬食(shi)欲減退、嘔吐(tu)(tu)、倦怠、寒(han)戰、咳嗽、高(gao)燒,糞便惡臭(chou)或(huo)(huo)帶血;跟怕光、流淚,流鼻涕或(huo)(huo)膿樣鼻液,出現支氣管炎或(huo)(huo)肺炎病(bing)(bing)(bing)變;軀(qu)體痙(jing)攣(luan)樣運動(dong),尖(jian)叫狂奔,口吐(tu)(tu)白沫或(huo)(huo)倒地抽搐(chu),病(bing)(bing)(bing)程(cheng)或(huo)(huo)長或(huo)(huo)短,愈后(hou)往往有后(hou)軀(qu)無力(li)的(de)后(hou)遺癥,有的(de)幾(ji)個月后(hou)死(si)亡(wang)。本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)多發生(sheng)在寒(han)冷的(de)10—4月,病(bing)(bing)(bing)死(si)率(lv)高(gao)。治療本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)可注射安乃近、肌肉注射青霉素(su)或(huo)(huo)口服磺(huang)胺類藥(yao)物。斷奶的(de)幼(you)(you)犬接種五(wu)聯疫(yi)苗是預防本(ben)病(bing)(bing)(bing)的(de)上策(ce)。
犬傳染性肝炎
本(ben)(ben)病(bing)是由犬(quan)傳染(ran)肝炎病(bing)毒引起的(de)急性(xing)敗血性(xing)傳染(ran)病(bing),主(zhu)要侵害1歲齡以內的(de)幼犬(quan)。本(ben)(ben)病(bing)初起,體溫升至41℃,倦(juan)怠、渴飲、腹瀉、便血、怕光(guang)、拱(gong)背等。幼犬(quan)死亡率高;成(cheng)年(nian)犬(quan)耐(nai)過危險期可(ke)康復。本(ben)(ben)病(bing)輸液和(he)補(bu)充維(wei)生素B、維(wei)生素C治(zhi)療,注射(she)抗生素預防感染(ran),口服肝太樂護肝。
犬結核病
結(jie)核(he)(he)病有人型(xing)、牛(niu)型(xing)、禽型(xing)三(san)種。犬結(jie)核(he)(he)病由(you)人型(xing)或牛(niu)型(xing)結(jie)核(he)(he)病菌引起。幼(you)犬易發病,對人也有威脅(xie)。患開放性(xing)肺(fei)結(jie)核(he)(he)的病犬,應撲殺和深埋處(chu)理,以免擴大傳染。
大腦膜炎
本病(bing)由腦膜炎(yan)病(bing)原菌感染發病(bing)。病(bing)犬(quan)陣發性 肌肉僵直或抽搐,角弓反張(zhang)。病(bing)犬(quan)無治療價值(zhi),應撲殺深埋處理(li)。
犬腦炎
本病(bing)或(huo)(huo)因神(shen)經(jing)細胞被破壞(huai)、或(huo)(huo)由犬瘟熱病(bing)毒引起、或(huo)(huo)因腦內原蟲侵入、或(huo)(huo)其他病(bing)毒感染等(deng)不(bu)(bu)同的病(bing)因引起的病(bing)變。主要(yao)癥狀是高燒、嘔吐、嗜睡、頸(jing)強直、驚厥(jue)抽搐、意識不(bu)(bu)清(qing),死(si)于(yu)呼吸衰竭。發病(bing)早期(qi)可對(dui)癥治療;病(bing)情嚴重的應撲(pu)殺和深埋處理。
肺炎
病(bing)犬精(jing)神不振,食欲不佳,喜(xi)臥地,愛飲水,體溫(wen)(wen)39.5—40℃。有明顯的(de)(de)肺(fei)炎(yan)征兆。本病(bing)可注射(she)安痛定(ding)降體溫(wen)(wen),肌肉注射(she)青霉素或(huo)口(kou)服(fu)紅霉素的(de)(de)療效也很好。
犬霉菌肺炎
本病系霉菌感染,也傳染人(ren)。霉菌性肺炎的癥狀(zhuang):咳嗽、呼吸困難、腹水、腹瀉、嚴重脫水等。