風鈴草(cao)(cao)多(duo)(duo)數為(wei)多(duo)(duo)年生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)本(ben),有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)具(ju)細長而橫走的(de)根狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)莖,有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)具(ju)短的(de)莖基而根加粗,多(duo)(duo)少(shao)肉(rou)質,少(shao)為(wei)一年生(sheng)(sheng)草(cao)(cao)本(ben)。葉全(quan)互生(sheng)(sheng),基生(sheng)(sheng)葉有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)蓮座狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。花單朵頂生(sheng)(sheng),或多(duo)(duo)朵組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)聚(ju)傘花序,聚(ju)傘花序有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)集成(cheng)(cheng)圓(yuan)(yuan)錐花序,也有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)退化(hua),既無總(zong)梗,亦無花梗,成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)由數朵花組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)頭狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)花序。花萼與子(zi)房貼生(sheng)(sheng),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)5枚,有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)間有(you)(you)(you)(you)附屬物。花冠鐘狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),漏斗(dou)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)鐘形,有(you)(you)(you)(you)時(shi)幾乎輻狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),5裂(lie)(lie)。雄蕊離生(sheng)(sheng),極少(shao)花藥不同程度地相互粘合,花絲基部(bu)擴大成(cheng)(cheng)片(pian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),花藥長棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。柱頭3-5裂(lie)(lie),裂(lie)(lie)片(pian)弧(hu)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)反卷(juan)或螺(luo)旋狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)卷(juan)曲。無花盤。子(zi)房下位(wei),3-5室。蒴(shuo)果3-5室,帶有(you)(you)(you)(you)宿存的(de)花萼裂(lie)(lie)片(pian),在(zai)側面的(de)頂端或在(zai)基部(bu)孔(kong)裂(lie)(lie)。種子(zi)多(duo)(duo)數,橢圓(yuan)(yuan)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang),平滑。
喜夏(xia)季涼爽、冬季溫(wen)(wen)和的氣(qi)候,喜光(guang)照(zhao)充足環(huan)境,可耐半陰。風鈴花對(dui)溫(wen)(wen)度比(bi)較敏感,生長適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)13℃-18℃,發芽適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)為20℃-22℃,冬季溫(wen)(wen)度低(di)于2℃則停止生長,莖葉開(kai)始枯(ku)黃。夏(xia)季28℃以上(shang)的高溫(wen)(wen)對(dui)植株生長不利(li),30℃-35℃。
以上的高(gao)(gao)溫,植(zhi)株葉片(pian)會變(bian)(bian)黃脫落,甚至全株枯萎。風鈴花在(zai)珠海地(di)區(qu)夏、秋季不適(shi)合種植(zhi),在(zai)冬(dong)、春季種植(zhi)較為適(shi)宜(yi)。風鈴花喜干耐旱,忌水(shui)(shui)濕。因此,在(zai)雨(yu)天過多或土(tu)壤排水(shui)(shui)不良情況下生長不好,導致葉片(pian)變(bian)(bian)黃,植(zhi)株細長,節間伸長,花朵變(bian)(bian)小,可通(tong)過控制澆水(shui)(shui)調節植(zhi)株高(gao)(gao)度。
風(feng)鈴花對(dui)土(tu)壤要(yao)求(qiu)不嚴(yan),以含(han)豐富(fu)腐殖質(zhi)、疏松(song)透氣(qi)的(de)沙質(zhi)土(tu)壤為(wei)好。基質(zhi)pH 值在5.5-6.2 之間為(wei)宜。
風鈴花(hua)的(de)繁(fan)殖以播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為主。廣東地區(qu)以初秋播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為好,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一般(ban)在(zai)農歷7月下旬(xun)至8月初進行(xing),到春(chun)節即可開(kai)(kai)花(hua)。從播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)到開(kai)(kai)花(hua)需6個月左右,也(ye)可根據開(kai)(kai)花(hua)時間確定播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時間。由于風鈴花(hua)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)比較細小,在(zai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)首(shou)先要(yao)選擇好苗(miao)(miao)床。苗(miao)(miao)床應(ying)選陽(yang)光充足(zu)、地下水位高、排水良好、土(tu)(tu)(tu)質疏松肥沃(wo)的(de)沙(sha)質土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。整地時要(yao)細致,深翻碎土(tu)(tu)(tu)兩(liang)次以上,清除石頭、雜(za)草,碎土(tu)(tu)(tu)均勻,刮平地面。苗(miao)(miao)床主要(yao)害蟲有(you)螻蛄、蠐(qi)螬、地老虎等,對(dui)苗(miao)(miao)床和(he)苗(miao)(miao)木(mu)危害極大(da),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)要(yao)對(dui)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)進行(xing)消毒。另外,播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)先將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)浸泡(pao)10-12 小時晾干(gan),然后將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)和(he)沙(sha)按1:5比例混拌后再(zai)播(bo)(bo)。播(bo)(bo)前(qian)要(yao)澆透(tou)水,然后將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)均勻撒播(bo)(bo)于苗(miao)(miao)床,播(bo)(bo)后不再(zai)覆土(tu)(tu)(tu)或薄蓋過(guo)篩細土(tu)(tu)(tu)。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后保持苗(miao)(miao)床微潮,但不要(yao)太濕,溫度在(zai)20℃-24℃范圍(wei)內,播(bo)(bo)后14-16天(tian)即可發芽(ya)。
風鈴(ling)草全屬二百多種(zhong),幾(ji)乎全在(zai)北溫帶,多數(shu)種(zhong)類產于歐亞(ya)大陸北部(bu),少(shao)數(shu)在(zai)北美。我國近20種(zhong),主產西南山區,少(shao)數(shu)種(zhong)類產北方,個別種(zhong)也(ye)產廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西和湖(hu)北西部(bu)。
銹病
主要(yao)危(wei)害風鈴花的(de)(de)葉(xie)片(pian)、莖(jing)部(bu)和(he)(he)芽(ya)。葉(xie)片(pian)發病(bing)(bing)呈黃綠色(se)的(de)(de)皰(pao)狀水斑(ban)(ban),后逐漸擴大,皰(pao)狀斑(ban)(ban)破裂后露出紅褐色(se)夏孢(bao)子堆,病(bing)(bing)斑(ban)(ban)周圍的(de)(de)葉(xie)組織變為淡黃色(se),莖(jing)部(bu)和(he)(he)芽(ya)處的(de)(de)癥(zheng)狀與(yu)葉(xie)部(bu)相似。受害植株(zhu)生長衰弱,嚴(yan)重時葉(xie)子焦枯。發病(bing)(bing)初期可用25% 的(de)(de)粉銹寧400~600倍液防治。
白粉病
真菌性病(bing)(bing)害(hai),常危害(hai)葉片,也危害(hai)枝條、花(hua)柄(bing)、花(hua)蕾、花(hua)芽及嫩梢等。表面常出(chu)現一層白色(se)粉(fen)(fen)(fen)狀(zhuang)霉層,后期白粉(fen)(fen)(fen)狀(zhuang)霉層變(bian)為灰(hui)色(se),受害(hai)植(zhi)株矮小,嫩葉扭(niu)曲、畸(ji)形、枯(ku)萎,葉片不開展、變(bian)小,枝條畸(ji)形等,嚴重時(shi)植(zhi)株死亡。防治(zhi)方(fang)法為結合修剪,剪除病(bing)(bing)殘枝并(bing)集中(zhong)燒毀。加強栽培管(guan)理,增施(shi)(shi)磷、鉀肥并(bing)控制(zhi)氮肥的施(shi)(shi)用量,提高植(zhi)株的抗病(bing)(bing)性。選用抗病(bing)(bing)品種,發(fa)病(bing)(bing)初期或(huo)(huo)在未發(fa)病(bing)(bing)時(shi)進行預防,噴(pen)(pen)施(shi)(shi)50% 多(duo)菌靈可(ke)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)性粉(fen)(fen)(fen)劑(ji)800-1000 倍(bei)液(ye),70% 甲基托布津(jin)可(ke)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)性粉(fen)(fen)(fen)劑(ji)800 倍(bei)液(ye),或(huo)(huo)25% 粉(fen)(fen)(fen)銹寧可(ke)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)性粉(fen)(fen)(fen)劑(ji)400-600倍(bei)液(ye),每周噴(pen)(pen)一次,連續2-3 次,交替使用,對白粉(fen)(fen)(fen)病(bing)(bing)有特(te)效。
葉斑病
初期在(zai)葉片上呈水浸狀壞死斑,后迅速變深褐色(se),病斑上長有明、暗相間(jian)的同(tong)心(xin)輪紋,外圍有黃色(se)暈(yun)圈。發病初期及時(shi)剪(jian)去病斑或(huo)病葉,并集中燒毀。發病初期噴灑14%絡氨銅水劑(ji)350-500 倍(bei)液(ye),每隔7-10天一次,連續防治2-3 次。
景觀用(yong)途:風鈴草(cao)適于配(pei)置(zhi)小庭園作花(hua)(hua)壇(tan)、花(hua)(hua)境材料。若用(yong)風鈴草(cao)和(he)觀賞向日葵為主材,配(pei)上(shang)常春(chun)藤、海金砂、絲(si)石(shi)竹籃(lan)插、表現生機蓬勃、欣(xin)欣(xin)向榮的(de)歡樂氣氛。如以(yi)紫色(se)風鈴草(cao)為主花(hua)(hua),配(pei)上(shang)白(bai)色(se)百合、飛(fei)燕草(cao)、天門冬做花(hua)(hua)插,將顯得(de)嫻(xian)靜柔美。
花(hua)(hua)壇表現:作為一年生花(hua)(hua)卉,風(feng)鈴草在(zai)冬(dong)(dong)季溫(wen)暖地區(qu)越冬(dong)(dong),可用于花(hua)(hua)壇,巖竹園或園林中(zhong)的邊(bian)境或邊(bian)緣種植。盆栽(zai)于可15-20厘米花(hua)(hua)盆中(zhong)的風(feng)鈴草可放在(zai)半陰至全陽光下養(yang)護。