形態特征

茄科碧冬(dong)茄屬植(zhi)物。多(duo)年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)草本，常(chang)作一、二年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)栽(zai)培; 株高(gao)15～80cm，也(ye)有叢生(sheng)(sheng)和匍(pu)匐類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing); 葉(xie)(xie)橢(tuo)圓或(huo)卵圓形(xing); 播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后當年(nian)(nian)可(ke)開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期長(chang)(chang)(chang)達數月，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)冠喇叭狀(zhuang); 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)形(xing)有單(dan)(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、重(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)緣皺褶或(huo)呈不(bu)(bu)規(gui)則(ze)鋸齒等; 花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)有紅(hong)、白、粉(fen)、紫及各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶斑(ban)點、網紋(wen)、條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)等; 蒴果，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子極小(xiao)，千粒重(zhong)(zhong)約0.1g。園藝品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)極多(duo)，按(an)植(zhi)株性狀(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)有：高(gao)性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、矮(ai)性種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、叢生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、匍(pu)匐種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、直立種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；按(an)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)型(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)有：大(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)（10－15㎝以(yi)上）、小(xiao)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、波狀(zhuang)、鋸齒狀(zhuang)、重(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)、單(dan)(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)；按(an)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)色(se)分(fen)(fen)有：紫紅(hong)、鮮紅(hong)、桃(tao)(tao)紅(hong)、純白、肉(rou)色(se)及多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)（紅(hong)底(di)白條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)紋(wen)、淡藍底(di)紅(hong)脈紋(wen)、桃(tao)(tao)紅(hong)底(di)白斑(ban)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)等）。商業(ye)上常(chang)根(gen)據花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)以(yi)及重(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)性將矮(ai)牽(qian)(qian)牛分(fen)(fen)為(wei)大(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、豐(feng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、多(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)單(dan)(dan)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、大(da)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)重(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)類(lei)(lei)、重(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)豐(feng)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)、重(zhong)(zhong)瓣(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)多(duo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)類(lei)(lei)和其他類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(不(bu)(bu)屬于以(yi)上類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)均歸為(wei)其他類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)）。喜溫(wen)(wen)(wen)暖和陽光充(chong)足的(de)(de)環境(jing)。不(bu)(bu)耐(nai)霜凍，怕雨澇。它生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)適(shi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)13℃至18℃，冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度在(zai)4℃至10℃，如低于4℃，植(zhi)株生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)停(ting)止(zhi)。夏季(ji)(ji)能耐(nai)35℃以(yi)上的(de)(de)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。夏季(ji)(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)旺期，需充(chong)足水(shui)分(fen)(fen)，特(te)別在(zai)夏季(ji)(ji)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)季(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)，應在(zai)早(zao)、晚澆水(shui)，保持盆(pen)(pen)土濕潤。但(dan)梅(mei)雨季(ji)(ji)節(jie)(jie)，雨水(shui)多(duo)，對矮(ai)牽(qian)(qian)牛生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)十分(fen)(fen)不(bu)(bu)利，盆(pen)(pen)土過濕，莖葉(xie)(xie)容易(yi)徒(tu)長(chang)(chang)(chang)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)期雨水(shui)多(duo)，花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)朵易(yi)褪(tun)色(se)或(huo)腐爛。盆(pen)(pen)土若長(chang)(chang)(chang)期積水(shui)，則(ze)爛根(gen)死亡(wang)，所(suo)以(yi)盆(pen)(pen)栽(zai)矮(ai)牽(qian)(qian)牛宜用(yong)疏松(song)肥沃和排水(shui)良(liang)好的(de)(de)砂壤土。屬長(chang)(chang)(chang)日(ri)照(zhao)植(zhi)物，生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)期要求陽光充(chong)足，在(zai)正常(chang)的(de)(de)光照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下，從播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)至開花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)約需100天左(zuo)右。冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)大(da)棚內栽(zai)培矮(ai)牽(qian)(qian)牛時，在(zai)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)短日(ri)照(zhao)條(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)下，莖葉(xie)(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)(chang)很茂盛，但(dan)著花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)很難，當春季(ji)(ji)進入長(chang)(chang)(chang)日(ri)照(zhao)下，很快就從莖葉(xie)(xie)頂端分(fen)(fen)化花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)蕾。

生長環境

喜溫(wen)暖和(he)陽光充足的環(huan)境。不(bu)耐霜凍，怕雨(yu)澇。它生長(chang)(chang)(chang)適溫(wen)為13～18℃，冬(dong)季(ji)溫(wen)度在(zai)4～10℃，如(ru)低于4℃，植(zhi)株生長(chang)(chang)(chang)停(ting)止。夏季(ji)能耐35℃以上的高溫(wen)。夏季(ji)生長(chang)(chang)(chang)旺期，需充足水(shui)分(fen)，特(te)別在(zai)夏季(ji)高溫(wen)季(ji)節，應在(zai)早(zao)、晚澆水(shui)，保持盆(pen)(pen)土(tu)濕潤(run)。但梅雨(yu)季(ji)節，雨(yu)水(shui)多(duo)，對矮牽(qian)牛(niu)生長(chang)(chang)(chang)十分(fen)不(bu)利，盆(pen)(pen)土(tu)過濕，莖葉容易(yi)(yi)徒長(chang)(chang)(chang)，花(hua)期雨(yu)水(shui)多(duo)，花(hua)朵易(yi)(yi)褪(tun)色或腐爛。盆(pen)(pen)土(tu)若長(chang)(chang)(chang)期積水(shui)，則爛根死亡，所以盆(pen)(pen)栽矮牽(qian)牛(niu)宜用疏松(song)肥沃和(he)排水(shui)良好的砂(sha)壤土(tu)。

屬長(chang)日(ri)照植物，生長(chang)期要求陽光(guang)充足，在正(zheng)常的光(guang)照條(tiao)件下，從(cong)播種至(zhi)開花約需100天左右。冬季(ji)大棚(peng)內栽培矮(ai)牽牛時，在低溫短日(ri)照條(tiao)件下，莖葉(xie)生長(chang)很(hen)茂盛，但著(zhu)花很(hen)難，當(dang)春季(ji)進入長(chang)日(ri)照下，很(hen)快就從(cong)莖葉(xie)頂(ding)端分化花蕾。

分布范圍

本種(zhong)是(shi)一個雜交種(zhong)，它(ta)是(shi)由 P. integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz et Thell.（=P. violacea Lindl.）和(he) P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton 二種(zhong)雜交培(pei)(pei)育(yu)的。在(zai)世界各國(guo)花(hua)園(yuan)中普遍(bian)栽培(pei)(pei)。我國(guo)南北城(cheng)市公園(yuan)中普遍(bian)栽培(pei)(pei)觀(guan)賞。矮牽(qian)牛原產(chan)南美阿根廷。現世界各地廣泛栽培(pei)(pei)。

主要價值

觀賞價值

花(hua)(hua)大而(er)多，開(kai)花(hua)(hua)繁盛，花(hua)(hua)期長，色(se)彩(cai)豐富，是優良的花(hua)(hua)壇和(he)種植缽花(hua)(hua)卉(hui)，也可自然式叢植，還(huan)可作(zuo)為(wei)切花(hua)(hua)。氣候(hou)適(shi)宜或溫室栽培可四季開(kai)花(hua)(hua)。可以廣(guang)泛用于花(hua)(hua)壇布置，花(hua)(hua)槽(cao)配置，景點擺設，窗臺點綴(zhui)，家(jia)庭裝飾(shi)。