落葉灌(guan)木或小喬(qiao)木,高2-5米;小枝粗(cu)壯(zhuang),褐(he)紅(hong)色,無(wu)毛,頂芽(ya)和側芽(ya)有覆瓦狀排列的芽(ya)鱗。
葉(xie)連(lian)柄長(chang)15-30厘(li)米;小(xiao)葉(xie)4-8對(dui),膜質或(huo)紙質,披(pi)針形(xing)或(huo)近卵形(xing),兩側(ce)稍不對(dui)稱,長(chang)2.5-6厘(li)米,寬1.2-2厘(li)米,頂端漸尖,基部楔形(xing),邊緣有(you)銳利鋸(ju)齒,頂生(sheng)小(xiao)葉(xie)通常(chang)3深裂(lie),腹面深綠(lv)色,無(wu)毛(mao)或(huo)中脈上有(you)疏毛(mao),背(bei)面鮮綠(lv)色,嫩時被絨毛(mao)和(he)成束的(de)星狀毛(mao);側(ce)脈纖(xian)細(xi),兩面略凸(tu)起(qi)。
花(hua)序先葉抽出(chu)或與葉同時抽出(chu),兩性花(hua)的花(hua)序頂生,雄花(hua)序腋(ye)生,長(chang)12-20厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),直立,總(zong)花(hua)梗(geng)短,基部常有殘存芽鱗;花(hua)梗(geng)長(chang)1.2-2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);苞片長(chang)0.5-1厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);萼片長(chang)6-7毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),兩面被灰色(se)(se)絨毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)瓣白色(se)(se),基部紫紅色(se)(se)或黃(huang)色(se)(se),有清晰的脈紋(wen),長(chang)約2厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬7-10毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),爪之兩側有須毛(mao)(mao);花(hua)盤的角狀附屬體橙黃(huang)色(se)(se),長(chang)4-5毫米(mi)(mi)(mi);雄蕊長(chang)約1.5厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),花(hua)絲(si)無(wu)毛(mao)(mao);子(zi)房被灰色(se)(se)絨毛(mao)(mao)。蒴果(guo)長(chang)達6厘米(mi)(mi)(mi);種子(zi)長(chang)達1.8厘米(mi)(mi)(mi),黑色(se)(se)而有光澤。花(hua)期春季,果(guo)期秋初。
文冠(guan)果(guo)原產于中國北方黃土(tu)高原地(di)(di)區(qu),天然分布于北緯32°-46°,東(dong)(dong)(dong)經100°-127°即北到遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)西(xi)(xi)部和吉(ji)林(lin)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)部,南(nan)(nan)自安徽省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)蕭縣及河(he)南(nan)(nan)南(nan)(nan)部,東(dong)(dong)(dong)至山東(dong)(dong)(dong),西(xi)(xi)至甘肅(su)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏。集(ji)中分布在內蒙、陜西(xi)(xi)、山西(xi)(xi)、河(he)北、甘肅(su)等地(di)(di),遼(liao)(liao)寧(ning)(ning)(ning)、吉(ji)林(lin)、河(he)南(nan)(nan)、山東(dong)(dong)(dong)等省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)均有(you)少量分布。在黑龍(long)江(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)南(nan)(nan)部,吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和寧(ning)(ning)(ning)夏等地(di)(di)區(qu)還有(you)較大(da)面(mian)積的栽培樹林(lin)。在垂(chui)直方向上,文冠(guan)果(guo)分布于海拔52-2260米,甚(shen)至更高的區(qu)域。 ?
文冠果(guo)適應在(zai)草沙地、撂荒地、多石的山區、黃(huang)土丘陵和溝壑等(deng)處、甚至(zhi)在(zai)崖畔上(shang)都能正常生(sheng)長發(fa)育。中國北方許多地區如內蒙、山西(xi)、陜西(xi)、河北等(deng)省曾大面積栽培。
文冠果喜陽,耐(nai)半陰,對土壤適應性很強(qiang)(qiang),耐(nai)瘠薄、耐(nai)鹽(yan)堿(jian),抗寒能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)(qiang),-41.4℃安全越冬;抗旱能(neng)力(li)極強(qiang)(qiang),在年降(jiang)雨量僅150毫米的地區(qu)也有散生樹(shu)木(mu),但(dan)文冠果不(bu)(bu)耐(nai)澇、怕(pa)風(feng),在排水不(bu)(bu)好的低洼地區(qu)、重鹽(yan)堿(jian)地和未固(gu)定沙地不(bu)(bu)宜栽植。
主要用(yong)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)法繁殖,分株、壓條(tiao)和(he)根插(cha)也可。一般在秋季果熟后(hou)采(cai)收,取出種(zhong)(zhong)子即(ji)播(bo),也可用(yong)濕砂層積儲藏越冬,翌年早春(chun)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)。栽培(pei)技術用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)子、嫁接、根插(cha)或分株繁殖。
果實(shi)成熟后(hou),隨即(ji)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),次春發芽(ya)。若將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)沙(sha)藏,次春播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)(qian)15d,在(zai)(zai)室(shi)外(wai)背風向(xiang)(xiang)陽(yang)處,另(ling)挖斜(xie)底坑,將沙(sha)藏于(yu)移至坑內,傾斜(xie)面向(xiang)(xiang)太陽(yang),罩以(yi)塑料薄膜,利用(yong)陽(yang)光進行高溫(wen)催(cui)芽(ya),當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)20%裂嘴時播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。也(ye)可(ke)在(zai)(zai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前(qian)(qian)1星期用(yong)45℃溫(wen)水浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),自然冷卻后(hou)2-3d撈(lao)出,裝入筐簍或(huo)蒲(pu)包(bao),蓋上(shang)濕布,放在(zai)(zai)20-50℃的溫(wen)室(shi)催(cui)芽(ya),當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)2/3裂嘴時播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)般4月中、下旬進行,條播(bo)或(huo)點(dian)播(bo),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)臍要平放,覆土2-15厘米。
采(cai)用帶木(mu)質部(bu)的大片芽接(jie)、劈(pi)接(jie)、插接(jie)或嫩消(xiao)芽接(jie)等,以帶木(mu)質部(bu)的大片芽接(jie)效果較好。 ?
利(li)用(yong)春季起苗時的(de)(de)殘根,剪成10-15厘米長的(de)(de)根段(duan),按行(xing)株距(ju)30厘米×10(-15厘米)插于苗床(chuang),頂端低于土面2-3厘米,灌(guan)透(tou)水。
有些灌木形植株,易生根蘗苗,可(ke)進行分株繁殖。
黃化病:加強苗期(qi)管(guan)理,及時(shi)進行(xing)(xing)中耕松(song)土;鏟除病株;實行(xing)(xing)換茬輪作;林地實行(xing)(xing)翻耕晾土。
立枯(ku)病:75%百(bai)菌清可濕性粉(fen)劑600倍液,或5%井崗霉素水劑1500倍液,或20%甲基立枯(ku)磷乳油(you)1200倍液,進(jin)行噴霧。
煤污病:⑴苗期(qi)加強管理,及時(shi)中耕除草。⑵選用(yong)多(duo)菌靈800倍(bei)液,連續噴布2次-3次,間隔時(shi)間為7d-10d,早春噴灑(sa)50%樂(le)果乳(ru)油2000倍(bei)液。
木虱(shi):⑴清除林地落葉(xie)雜(za)草,消滅越冬(dong)成蟲。早春或初發(fa)期(qi)噴(pen)布5波美度(du)石硫合劑、2.5%溴氫酯乳(ru)油(you)2500倍(bei)液(ye)或25%功夫乳(ru)油(you)2000倍(bei)液(ye)防(fang)治。⑵用(yong)10%吡蟲啉水分三顆粒劑WG15000倍(bei)液(ye)、3%叮蟲脒乳(ru)油(you)EC2000倍(bei)液(ye)、1.8%阿維(wei)菌素乳(ru)油(you)EC3000倍(bei)液(ye)等藥劑噴(pen)布葉(xie)面(正(zheng)反面)及(ji)樹體。
黑絨金龜(gui)子:⑴殺蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)燈(deng)誘(you)殺。⑵人(ren)工捕捉:利用(yong)成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)的假死(si)性,在傍(bang)晚(wan)7時(shi)-8時(shi)活(huo)動最盛期,震擊樹體(ti),進(jin)行人(ren)工捕捉。⑶藥物防治:用(yong)50%辛硫(liu)磷乳油,3.75kg/hm2,制成土顆粒劑或毒(du)水,毒(du)殺幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong);早(zao)春越冬成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)出(chu)土前,在樹冠(guan)下撒毒(du)土(40%二嗪(qin)農乳油9 kg/hm2)毒(du)殺,成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)期可用(yong)80%敵(di)敵(di)畏乳油100倍(bei)或50%殺螟松乳油1000倍(bei)噴葉;成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)爆發時(shi)樹上噴灑2.5%的溴氰菊酯(zhi)2000倍(bei)液,噴藥時(shi)間以早(zao)上6時(shi)-8時(shi),晚(wan)上7時(shi)以后為宜。
根(gen)(gen)結線蟲:冬季松土曬根(gen)(gen),深挖病(bing)株樹盤下(xia)根(gen)(gen)系附(fu)近土壤,剪除(chu)(chu)掉受根(gen)(gen)結線蟲病(bing)為害的根(gen)(gen)系,并將病(bing)根(gen)(gen)及時清除(chu)(chu)出(chu)果(guo)園(yuan),集中(zhong)燒毀。
在(zai)樹盤內每(mei)(mei)(mei)隔20厘米(mi)-30厘米(mi)處(chu)開(kai)穴,將(jiang)10%二(er)溴氯丙烷顆(ke)粒(li)(li)劑每(mei)(mei)(mei)株200g或(huo)3%氯唑磷(lin)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)劑每(mei)(mei)(mei)株200g或(huo)10%硫線磷(lin)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)劑每(mei)(mei)(mei)株200g藥劑注入(ru)或(huo)放在(zai)15厘米(mi)-20厘米(mi)的(de)(de)深處(chu),施藥后及時(shi)覆土(tu)并(bing)灌水(shui);或(huo)0.5%阿維菌素顆(ke)粒(li)(li)劑75 kg/hm2,均勻施于用鐵鍬(qiao)挖開(kai)的(de)(de)溝(gou)中覆土(tu)踏實,用99%氯化苦(ku)原液按5kg/hm2處(chu)理土(tu)壤。
性(xing)味(wei):甘;微(wei)苦;性(xing)平。歸經:肝經。
功能(neng)主治:祛風(feng)除(chu)濕(shi);消腫止痛(tong)。主風(feng)濕(shi)熱痹(bi);筋骨疼痛(tong)。
用法用量:內服:煎湯,3-9g,或熬(ao)膏,第次3g。外用:適量,熬(ao)膏敷。
其種子含(han)油(you)量(liang)達50%-70%,歷史上人們采集文冠果(guo)種子榨油(you)供點佛燈(deng)之(zhi)用,以后逐漸轉為食用。本種花(hua)序大(da)而花(hua)朵密,春(chun)天(tian)白花(hua)滿樹,花(hua)期可持(chi)續(xu)20多天(tian),是(shi)難得(de)的觀花(hua)小(xiao)喬木,也(ye)是(shi)很(hen)好(hao)的蜜源(yuan)植(zhi)物;抗(kang)性很(hen)強,是(shi)荒山綠(lv)化的首(shou)選樹種;木材堅實致密,紋理美,是(shi)制(zhi)作家具及器(qi)具的好(hao)材料(liao)。
文冠果(guo)具有較高的工業價值(zhi)和(he)營養(yang)價值(zhi),油脂成份在種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)和(he)種(zhong)(zhong)仁中含量極高。
研究結果證明:種仁(ren)中(zhong)含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量達(da)66.39%,優(you)良(liang)品(pin)種的(de)(de)(de)種仁(ren)中(zhong)含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量達(da)72%,超(chao)過-般的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)料(liao)植物(wu),其油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)脂的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)本組成(cheng)如下:硬脂酸(suan)、油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)38.9%(-般食(shi)用(yong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)主要成(cheng)份之- )亞油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)40.2%(和豆(dou)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、核桃油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相近,也是營養價值最(zui)高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)分山崳酸(suan)7.2%亞麻酸(suan)及(ji)(ji)甘碳烯酸(suan)各(ge)為(wei)0.3% 文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果是我(wo)國特有的(de)(de)(de)經濟木本油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)料(liao)樹種,種子含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)率為(wei)30.4%-47%,種仁(ren)含(han)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量高(gao)(gao)達(da)66.39%,油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)黃色(se)而(er)透(tou)明,食(shi)用(yong)味(wei)美,油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)所含(han)亞油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)酸(suan)是中(zhong)藥益(yi)壽寧的(de)(de)(de)主要成(cheng)份,具有極好降血壓作(zuo)用(yong),食(shi)用(yong)文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)可(ke)有效預防高(gao)(gao)血壓、高(gao)(gao)血脂、血管硬化等病(bing)癥。此外(wai),文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果種仁(ren)除(chu)可(ke)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)食(shi)用(yong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)外(wai),還可(ke)制作(zuo)高(gao)(gao)級(ji)潤滑油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)、高(gao)(gao)級(ji)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)漆、增塑劑、化妝品(pin)等工(gong)業原(yuan)料(liao)。由文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果籽油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)制備的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物(wu)柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)相關烴脂類成(cheng)分含(han)量高(gao)(gao),內含(han)18C的(de)(de)(de)烴類占93.4%,而(er)且無S、無N等污染(ran)環境因(yin)子,符合理想生(sheng)物(wu)柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)指標。文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果的(de)(de)(de)柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)提取已(yi)(yi)獲成(cheng)功, 陜(shan)西、河南、甘肅(su)、北京等國內地(di)區已(yi)(yi)在積極籌建文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)中(zhong)型加(jia)(jia)工(gong)廠, 日本、韓國、加(jia)(jia)拿大(da)等國也紛(fen)紛(fen)建造(zao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)冠(guan)(guan)果園林基(ji)地(di)及(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)廠。
文冠(guan)果樹(shu)姿秀麗,花(hua)(hua)序大,花(hua)(hua)朵稠(chou)密,花(hua)(hua)期長(chang),甚為美觀。可于公園、庭(ting)園、綠地孤植或群植。成(cheng)齡文冠(guan)果根(gen)系發(fa)達,既扎(zha)得深,又(you)分(fen)布廣;根(gen)的皮層占91%,就(jiu)像(xiang)根(gen)的外(wai)面(mian)包著很厚的一層海(hai)綿一樣,能充分(fen)吸(xi)收和貯存水分(fen)。是防風(feng)固(gu)沙(sha)、小流域治理(li)和荒(huang)漠化治理(li)的優良(liang)樹(shu)種(zhong)。在(zai)國家林業局2006-2015年的能源林建設規(gui)劃當中文冠(guan)果已成(cheng)為三(san)北地區的首(shou)選樹(shu)種(zhong)。