株高約1米;根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)圓柱形(xing),肉質,具樟腦般香味(wei),淡黃色(se)或白色(se);根(gen)(gen)細(xi)長或末(mo)端膨大成(cheng)塊(kuai)根(gen)(gen)。葉(xie)直(zhi)立,橢(tuo)圓狀長圓形(xing)至長圓狀披(pi)針形(xing),長25-35(60)厘(li)米,寬(kuan)10-15厘(li)米,中部常(chang)有(you)紫斑,無毛;葉(xie)柄較(jiao)葉(xie)片為長。
花(hua)(hua)葶由根莖單獨發出,常(chang)先葉而生,長(chang)(chang)10-20厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),被疏(shu)松、細長(chang)(chang)的(de)鱗片(pian)(pian)狀鞘(qiao)數枚;穗狀花(hua)(hua)序闊橢圓形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)10-18厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬5-8厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi);苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)至倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),稍開(kai)展,頂(ding)端(duan)鈍,下部(bu)的(de)綠色(se)(se),頂(ding)端(duan)紅色(se)(se),上部(bu)的(de)較長(chang)(chang)而紫色(se)(se);花(hua)(hua)萼長(chang)(chang)1-1.2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),白色(se)(se),頂(ding)端(duan)3裂;花(hua)(hua)冠管長(chang)(chang)2-2.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),裂片(pian)(pian)長(chang)(chang)圓形(xing)(xing),黃色(se)(se),不(bu)相等,后(hou)方的(de)1片(pian)(pian)較大,長(chang)(chang)1.5-2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端(duan)具小尖頭;側(ce)生退化(hua)雄蕊比唇(chun)瓣小;唇(chun)瓣黃色(se)(se),近(jin)倒(dao)卵(luan)形(xing)(xing),長(chang)(chang)約2厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),寬1.2-1.5厘(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)(mi),頂(ding)端(duan)微缺(que);花(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)約4毫米(mi)(mi)(mi),藥隔基部(bu)具叉開(kai)的(de)距;子房無毛。花(hua)(hua)期:4-6月。
栽培于野生(sheng)林蔭下(xia)。
產中國(guo)臺(tai)灣、福建、江西(xi)、廣東、廣西(xi)、四川、云南、安徽等省區;印度至馬來西(xi)亞亦(yi)有(you)分布(bu)。 ?
根莖稱“莪術”,供藥用,主治“氣血(xue)凝(ning)滯,心腹脹痛,癥瘕,積聚,宿食(shi)不消,婦女血(xue)瘀經閉,跌打損傷作痛。”塊根稱“綠絲郁(yu)金”,有行氣解郁(yu),破瘀,止痛的功用。
根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)的選擇:冬季收獲(huo)時選擇健壯飽滿的當年(nian)新(xin)生根(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)貯藏(zang)做種(zhong)。栽植前將種(zhong)栽取(qu)出曬1~2天(tian),除去須根(gen)(gen),大(da)小分開。大(da)的縱切數塊,每塊有芽1~2個,切后稍晾使(shi)傷口愈合,或用草木灰涂抹傷口。
栽種期:栽植時期因品種和地區(qu)不(bu)同而異。溫(wen)郁(yu)金(溫(wen)莪(e)術(shu)(shu))為4月上(shang)、中旬,莪(e)術(shu)(shu)于5~6月中下(xia)旬為宜。
栽種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法:在整好的畦(qi)內(nei)按行(xing)株(zhu)距(ju)30厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)×20~25厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)挖穴(xue),穴(xue)深(shen)6~9厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),每(mei)穴(xue)內(nei)大(da)(da)(da)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)放(fang)1塊(kuai),小根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)放(fang)2塊(kuai),芽(ya)頭(tou)向上(shang)栽入穴(xue)內(nei)。栽后覆(fu)土(tu)6厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)并稍加(jia)鎮壓,每(mei)畝(mu)用種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)100千克(ke)左右(you)。另外(wai),為提(ti)高土(tu)地效益,主(zhu)產(chan)區多采(cai)(cai)用與玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)、大(da)(da)(da)豆等間套(tao)作(zuo)的方(fang)式。玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)和大(da)(da)(da)豆可于3月末、4月初(chu)穴(xue)播(bo)于畦(qi)溝(gou)內(nei)或畦(qi)上(shang),行(xing)株(zhu)距(ju)應適當加(jia)大(da)(da)(da),6月中下旬將(jiang)莪術間套(tao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于玉(yu)米(mi)(mi)行(xing)間和株(zhu)間,行(xing)距(ju)33厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),挖7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)深(shen)穴(xue),呈(cheng)三角(jiao)形(xing)排列,每(mei)穴(xue)放(fang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)5塊(kuai),四角(jiao)及中央各1塊(kuai),芽(ya)頭(tou)向上(shang),上(shang)面用細(xi)土(tu)或堆肥覆(fu)蓋,每(mei)畝(mu)需種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)150千克(ke)左右(you),將(jiang)溫(wen)郁金(jin)(溫(wen)莪術)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)分(fen)成老頭(tou)、大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)、二(er)頭(tou)、三頭(tou)、奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)、小奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)等六類(lei)(lei)。老頭(tou)即是(shi)母(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)第一次生(sheng)出(chu)來的根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing);大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)在老頭(tou)上(shang)的根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing);二(er)頭(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)在大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)上(shang)的根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing);三頭(tou)是(shi)生(sheng)在二(er)頭(tou)上(shang)的根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing);奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)、小奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)依(yi)次類(lei)(lei)推。除老頭(tou)不能作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)外(wai),其余均可采(cai)(cai)用。但大(da)(da)(da)頭(tou)作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),用量大(da)(da)(da),成本高;小奶(nai)(nai)頭(tou)個小,生(sheng)長(chang)弱。故這兩類(lei)(lei)在生(sheng)產(chan)中不作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用。一般(ban)應選(xuan)健壯,芽(ya)飽(bao)滿,形(xing)粗短的二(er)頭(tou)、三頭(tou)作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),作(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用的根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)愈短愈好。于清(qing)明前(qian)后下種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。狹畦(qi)株(zhu)距(ju)33厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一單行(xing);闊畦(qi)按株(zhu)行(xing)距(ju)各50厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),以(yi)三角(jiao)形(xing)開(kai)穴(xue)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)二(er)行(xing)。穴(xue)大(da)(da)(da)17~20厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),深(shen)約7~10厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi),穴(xue)底要平,切(qie)忌過深(shen)而底尖,過深(shen)塊(kuai)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)分(fen)散,采(cai)(cai)收(shou)費工而不易(yi)收(shou)凈。每(mei)穴(xue)傾斜放(fang)根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)芽(ya)一個,芽(ya)向上(shang)。覆(fu)土(tu)3~7厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)(mi)。每(mei)畝(mu)用根(gen)(gen)(gen)(gen)莖(jing)(jing)(jing)125~150千克(ke)。