體(ti)型不(bu)大(da),株高不(bu)及30厘(li)(li)米。葉窄線形(xing),長(chang)20厘(li)(li)米-30厘(li)(li)米,寬1-1.5厘(li)(li)米,簇生(sheng),濃(nong)綠色(se)(se),質硬(ying)面是凹弧狀,中(zhong)部帶有紫(zi)(zi)褐(he)色(se)(se)斑(ban)暈背綠褐(he)色(se)(se)。花(hua)序梗自葉叢(cong)中(zhong)抽生(sheng),長(chang)約(yue)(yue)20厘(li)(li)米,頂端12-15厘(li)(li)米處扁(bian)平(ping),形(xing)成穗狀花(hua)序,寬4-4.5厘(li)(li)米,由(you)粉紅色(se)(se)近淡紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)的苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)對生(sheng)組;青紫(zi)(zi)色(se)(se)小(xiao)花(hua)由(you)苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)內(nei)開(kai)出,約(yue)(yue)20朵之多,花(hua)瓣卵形(xing),3片(pian)(pian);冠徑約(yue)(yue)3厘(li)(li)米,形(xing)似蝴蝶。苞(bao)片(pian)(pian)可觀(guan)賞達數月之久。
觀(guan)賞鳳梨性喜溫暖濕潤(run)、陽(yang)光充足的(de)環境,只有在(zai)明亮的(de)光照條(tiao)件下(xia),才能正(zheng)常開花并且獲得最美的(de)葉片,但在(zai)夏季(ji)仍(reng)需防(fang)止正(zheng)午陽(yang)光的(de)直射。適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)生長(chang)溫度為(wei)夏季(ji)20-30 ℃,冬(dong)季(ji)15-18 ℃,低于10 ℃則難以(yi)生長(chang),夜間最低保持(chi)5 ℃,土(tu)(tu)壤以(yi)中(zhong)性或微酸性砂質壤土(tu)(tu)混合腐葉土(tu)(tu)或泥炭土(tu)(tu)。
觀賞鳳(feng)(feng)梨(li)在(zai)自然狀態下(xia)很難(nan)獲得種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),就是通過人工授(shou)粉等(deng)方法(fa)獲得種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),其后(hou)代的(de)性狀也會(hui)發生(sheng)(sheng)分離(li),不(bu)能(neng)保(bao)持母株的(de)優良性狀,故播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)繁殖只在(zai)原生(sheng)(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質保(bao)存和培育新品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)采(cai)用。大多數(shu)觀賞鳳(feng)(feng)梨(li)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)脫離(li)母體后(hou)很快(kuai)會(hui)失去活力(li),應即(ji)采(cai)即(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。鳳(feng)(feng)梨(li)從開(kai)花(hua)(hua)至種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)成熟一般需要3-4個月的(de)時(shi)間。鳳(feng)(feng)梨(li)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)很小(xiao),一個果實可產生(sheng)(sheng)數(shu)十粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi),1株可產生(sheng)(sheng)上(shang)千(qian)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。鳳(feng)(feng)梨(li)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)可采(cai)用室內盆播(bo)(bo)(bo)或育苗(miao)盤播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)基質可采(cai)用河沙、珍珠巖和泥(ni)炭(tan)土混合(he),播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前必須高溫消毒(du)。將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)散(san)播(bo)(bo)(bo)于基質表面后(hou)輕壓一下(xia),不(bu)需覆土,蓋(gai)上(shang)塑料薄膜或玻(bo)璃保(bao)濕即(ji)可。在(zai)發芽(ya)適溫24℃-26℃的(de)條件下(xia),約7-14天發芽(ya),實生(sheng)(sheng)苗(miao)具3-4片真葉(xie)時(shi)可移植于4-5厘米(mi)的(de)花(hua)(hua)盆中。鳳(feng)(feng)梨(li)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)苗(miao)需培養3-4年后(hou)中心(xin)葉(xie)才(cai)能(neng)轉色并(bing)開(kai)花(hua)(hua)供觀賞。
觀賞鳳梨謝花后(hou),基部葉腋處(chu)會產生多個(ge)吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)(ya)。通(tong)常以4月(yue)-6月(yue)為分(fen)株的適(shi)(shi)宜時(shi)期。待吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)(ya)長至10厘米左右、有3-5個(ge)葉時(shi),先(xian)把整(zheng)株從盆中(zhong)脫(tuo)出,除(chu)去一些盆土,一手抓住母株,另一只(zhi)手的拇(mu)指與食指緊夾吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)(ya)基部,斜下(xia)用(yong)力(li)就(jiu)可把吸(xi)(xi)芽(ya)(ya)掰下(xia)來。傷口用(yong)殺(sha)菌(jun)劑消毒(du)后(hou)稍晾(liang)干,扦插于珍珠(zhu)巖、粗沙中(zhong)。保(bao)持基質和空氣濕潤,適(shi)(shi)當(dang)遮陽,過(guo)1-2個(ge)月(yue)有新根長出后(hou),可轉(zhuan)入正常管(guan)理。
觀(guan)賞鳳梨小規模生(sheng)產和家庭栽培,一(yi)般采用蘗(bo)(bo)芽扦(qian)插(cha)。觀(guan)賞鳳梨原株開(kai)花前(qian)后基部(bu)葉(xie)腋處產生(sheng)多個(ge)蘗(bo)(bo)芽,待蘗(bo)(bo)芽長到(dao)10厘(li)米(mi)左右,有3-5片葉(xie)時,用利(li)刀在(zai)貼近母株的部(bu)位連短(duan)縮莖切下,傷口(kou)用殺菌劑消毒后稍晾(liang)干,蘸濃度為300-500毫克/千(qian)克的萘(nai)乙酸,扦(qian)插(cha)于珍珠(zhu)巖、粗沙或培養土(tu)中,保持基質和空(kong)氣濕潤,并(bing)適當遮(zhe)蔭,1-2個(ge)月后即有新(xin)根(gen)(gen)長出,可轉入正常管理。注意蘗(bo)(bo)芽太小時扦(qian)插(cha)不(bu)易生(sheng)根(gen)(gen),極易腐爛(lan);太大(da)時分株,消耗營養太多,降低繁殖系數(shu)。
觀賞鳳梨的病害可分為兩大(da)類(lei)(lei)(lei),一類(lei)(lei)(lei)稱為非(fei)傳(chuan)(chuan)染性病害,又叫(jiao)生理病害,是因為環境(jing)條件如光、溫、水、肥等不適(shi)而引起(qi)的。在栽培鳳梨時,這類(lei)(lei)(lei)病害更為常見。另一類(lei)(lei)(lei)稱為傳(chuan)(chuan)染性病害,是因為微(wei)生物如真菌、細菌、病毒等侵染所引起(qi)的。
患心(xin)腐病的(de)植(zhi)(zhi)株,葉筒(tong)基部組(zu)織變軟(ruan)糜爛,具臭味,輕提葉片或葉筒(tong)就能(neng)把葉片或葉筒(tong)取(qu)出,若不動它久(jiu)后(hou)葉筒(tong)會自行倒下。根(gen)腐病株,根(gen)尖變黑褐化或糜爛,不長(chang)(chang)側根(gen),因此影響到植(zhi)(zhi)株對水肥的(de)吸(xi)收,植(zhi)(zhi)株生長(chang)(chang)遲緩(huan)、變弱。如果栽培(pei)基質排(pai)水不良或澆(jiao)水過多(duo),水的(de)pH值高于7。0,水質含(han)高鈣高鈉鹽類,種苗包裝時通氣條件(jian)不良,種苗植(zhi)(zhi)前沉積過久(jiu),高溫(wen)高濕季(ji)節(jie)等,都可(ke)能(neng)引起心(xin)腐病或根(gen)腐病的(de)發生。
防治(zhi)心腐(fu)病(bing)或根腐(fu)病(bing)的方法(fa),除了留意基質、澆水(shui)、水(shui)質的問題(ti)之(zhi)外,在定植后及高(gao)溫(wen)高(gao)濕季節(jie),可(ke)用75%的惡霜錳鋅(xin)400倍液或40%的乙膦(lin)鋁400倍液來澆灌葉筒(tong),每月1次,延續3次。種苗(miao)(miao)則可(ke)用40%的乙膦(lin)鋁800倍液浸(jin)苗(miao)(miao)10分鐘,取出陰干后再(zai)上盆。
灌溉水(shui)質(zhi)的堿(jian)性太強(qiang)或含鈣鈉高,空氣濕度太低(di),過度施(shi)肥或液肥濃(nong)度太高(致使鹽類累積于葉(xie)梢,造(zao)成鹽害(hai),原生質(zhi)分(fen)別(bie)脫水(shui)),基質(zhi)排水(shui)不良(導致爛(lan)根,水(shui)分(fen)無法充(chong)分(fen)供給至葉(xie)梢)等,都有(you)可能造(zao)成鳳梨葉(xie)尖黃化枯敗(bai)。
觀賞鳳梨原產熱帶地區,屬(shu)高溫生(sheng)長植物,不耐寒(han)。但冬季(ji)最好維持5℃以上(shang),否則有可能(neng)發生(sheng)寒(han)害(hai)(hai)。病部(bu)干后變成枯(ku)(ku)焦(jiao),寒(han)害(hai)(hai)嚴重者導致植株(zhu)枯(ku)(ku)死。
在栽(zai)培觀賞鳳梨時,最常見的(de)(de)害蟲就是介殼蟲類。介殼蟲類蟲體很小(xiao),以棕色及(ji)黃色居多,也有白色的(de)(de),蟲體約1―3毫米(mi),蛋圓(yuan)形或橢圓(yuan)形。介殼蟲經過(guo)刺吸葉(xie)片灼汁液,從而在葉(xie)片上產生(sheng)(sheng)失綠雀斑,對(dui)葉(xie)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長產生(sheng)(sheng)不良影響,傷口會因附有蟲的(de)(de)粘液,從而可能再引(yin)起黑霉病。
當介(jie)殼蟲的卵(luan)孵(fu)(fu)化后,若蟲能活動(dong),即尋覓可食葉的地方,此(ci)后分泌一(yi)層(ceng)保護性(xing)的蠟(la)質,就(jiu)不再移動(dong)了。在卵(luan)剛(gang)孵(fu)(fu)化時介(jie)殼尚未增厚(hou),此(ci)時噴(pen)藥防(fang)治(zhi)效果最(zui)好,可用通常(chang)的有機磷類農藥如故敵畏、馬(ma)拉(la)硫磷、殺螟松等來進(jin)行防(fang)治(zhi)。當介(jie)殼蟲固定下來后,因為(wei)其有一(yi)層(ceng)蠟(la)質覆蓋物的保護,只能用內(nei)吸(xi)性(xing)農藥來進(jin)行防(fang)治(zhi),常(chang)見的農藥有樂果、氧(yang)化樂果、乙酰甲胺磷等。少量(liang)介(jie)殼蟲,也可人工(gong)用指甲把其刮除。
紫花鳳(feng)梨小巧玲(ling)瓏,秀麗(li)美觀,花期甚長(chang),又能耐陰,是家庭(ting)養護、美化居室的極好材(cai)料。