潘家口水下長城
1975年國家(jia)(jia)(jia)在這里修建的(de)(de)(de)大型水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)利(li)樞紐工(gong)程潘家(jia)(jia)(jia)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)超過了長(chang)城(cheng)高度,喜峰口、潘家(jia)(jia)(jia)口城(cheng)堡淹沒(mei)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中,從(cong)此這段歷經(jing)五百年滄(cang)桑的(de)(de)(de)長(chang)城(cheng)便(bian)隱身水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia),成為聞名遐邇的(de)(de)(de)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)長(chang)城(cheng)”。因連年干旱、潘家(jia)(jia)(jia)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)急劇下(xia)降(jiang),在20世紀末,隱身水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)20多年的(de)(de)(de)“水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)長(chang)城(cheng)”曾經(jing)露(lu)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面,向(xiang)世人一展風(feng)采;最(zui)近由于潘家(jia)(jia)(jia)口水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量從(cong)19.5億立(li)方米減少到(dao)3億多立(li)方米,庫區水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)下(xia)降(jiang)了42米,“水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)下(xia)長(chang)城(cheng)”得以再(zai)露(lu)真容(rong)。
潘家口水庫
工程簡介
潘(pan)家口水庫位于河北省(sheng)唐山市與承德地區的交(jiao)界處(chu)。壩址以上(shang)控(kong)制面(mian)積為33700k㎡,占全流域面(mian)積的75%
(灤(luan)河(he)全流(liu)域(yu)(yu)面積為44600 k㎡)。壩址(zhi)以(yi)上多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均徑流(liu)量(liang)為24.5億立方米(mi),占(zhan)全流(liu)域(yu)(yu)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均徑流(liu)量(liang)的(de)53%(全流(liu)域(yu)(yu)多(duo)年(nian)(nian)平均徑流(liu)量(liang)為46億立方米(mi))。灤(luan)河(he)具有一個突(tu)出的(de)特(te)點(dian)就(jiu)是來(lai)水(shui)量(liang)在時(shi)間分布上很不(bu)均勻(yun)。一年(nian)(nian)之內(nei)的(de)來(lai)水(shui)量(liang)主要集中在七(qi)(qi)、八、九三個月內(nei),往(wang)往(wang)可占(zhan)全年(nian)(nian)來(lai)水(shui)的(de)80%以(yi)上;另外,來(lai)水(shui)量(liang)的(de)年(nian)(nian)際變化(hua)懸殊,如一九五九年(nian)(nian)潘(pan)家口站實測徑流(liu)量(liang)為74億立方米(mi),而一九七(qi)(qi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)僅10億立方米(mi),相(xiang)差七(qi)(qi)倍(bei)多(duo)。所以(yi)潘(pan)家口水(shui)庫是開發灤(luan)河(he)水(shui)利資源,調節徑流(liu),除害(hai)興利的(de)重要控制(zhi)工程。
潘家(jia)口水(shui)庫平(ping)均每(mei)年調節(jie)(jie)水(shui)量(liang)19.5億(yi)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi),相(xiang)應的保證率為75%,調節(jie)(jie)流量(liang)為68立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)/秒。
灤河的另一個特點(dian)就是洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)峰(feng)高(gao)量(liang)大,一九六(liu)二年(nian)潘家口站(zhan)實測最大洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)流量(liang)達18800 立(li)方米/秒,而枯水(shui)(shui)季節時(shi),最小流量(liang)尚不(bu)到(dao)3 立(li)方米/秒。潘家口水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)起到(dao)了攔蓄洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)削(xue)(xue)減(jian)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)的作用。今(jin)后再遇較大洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui),如一九六(liu)二年(nian)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)18800 立(li)方米/秒,可削(xue)(xue)減(jian)到(dao)10000 立(li)方米/秒,減(jian)少下游(you)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)(shui)災害,并確保下游(you)京山(北京—山海關)鐵路橋行車安(an)全。
潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)口水(shui)利樞紐工(gong)程(cheng)包括潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)口水(shui)庫(ku)大(da)壩、下池(chi)樞紐、兩座副壩和壩后式(shi)水(shui)電站(zhan)。潘(pan)家(jia)(jia)口水(shui)庫(ku)是(shi)整個(ge)引灤工(gong)程(cheng)的源頭,主壩壩頂高(gao)程(cheng)230.50m(大(da)沽高(gao)程(cheng)),正常蓄水(shui)位(wei)(wei)222.00m,設計洪水(shui)位(wei)(wei)224.50m,校核洪水(shui)位(wei)(wei)227.00m,汛限(xian)水(shui)位(wei)(wei)216.00m,防(fang)洪庫(ku)容9.7億立方米(mi),興利庫(ku)容19.5億立方米(mi)。以供(gong)水(shui)為主,結合供(gong)水(shui)發電,兼(jian)顧防(fang)洪和水(shui)產養殖,為多年調(diao)節水(shui)庫(ku),總庫(ku)容29.3億立方米(mi)。
潘(pan)家口水(shui)利樞紐(niu)工程分兩(liang)期(qi)施(shi)工。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)期(qi)工程自一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)九七(qi)五年(nian)(nian)十(shi)月(yue)主體工程動工,至一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)九八(ba)(ba)五年(nian)(nian)基本竣工。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)九八(ba)(ba)八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)七(qi)月(yue)通過國家驗收。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)期(qi)工程的主要(yao)建筑物有(you):主壩一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo),副(fu)壩兩(liang)座(zuo),壩后(hou)式電站(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)15萬(wan)kw常規機(ji)組一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)臺和220千伏高壓開關(guan)站(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo)。二(er)期(qi)工程于一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)九八(ba)(ba)四年(nian)(nian)夏季開始動工興建,主要(yao)建筑物有(you)閘(zha)壩一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座(zuo),5000kw常規機(ji)組兩(liang)臺,9萬(wan)kw蓄能機(ji)組三臺。
潘家口水庫主壩(ba)(ba)(ba)為砼低寬縫重力壩(ba)(ba)(ba),按千(qian)年(nian)一(yi)遇(yu)洪(hong)(hong)水設計(ji),五千(qian)年(nian)一(yi)遇(yu)洪(hong)(hong)水校核(he),壩(ba)(ba)(ba)頂長1039m,最(zui)大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)高107.5m,最(zui)大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)底寬90m,大(da)(da)壩(ba)(ba)(ba)中間部分設有18孔溢洪(hong)(hong)道(dao),用15×15m弧(hu)形鋼閘(zha)控(kong)制(zhi),溢洪(hong)(hong)道(dao)最(zui)大(da)(da)泄洪(hong)(hong)能力為53100 立方米(mi)/秒(miao)。四個(ge)底孔,用4×6m弧(hu)形閘(zha)門控(kong)制(zhi),
兩(liang)座副壩(ba)均為土壩(ba),西(xi)城域副壩(ba),脖子梁副壩(ba)一般(ban)情況不擋水。
壩后式水電站總裝機(ji)(ji)(ji)42萬(wan)(wan)kw,其中一臺(tai)(tai)15萬(wan)(wan)kw常規機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu),三臺(tai)(tai)單機(ji)(ji)(ji)容量為9萬(wan)(wan)kw的抽水蓄能(neng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)。220千(qian)伏高壓開(kai)關(guan)站位于主(zhu)(zhu)壩后灤河(he)右岸,其中常規機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)主(zhu)(zhu)變容量為18萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)伏安,抽水蓄能(neng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)組(zu)主(zhu)(zhu)變每(mei)臺(tai)(tai)容量為10萬(wan)(wan)千(qian)伏安,以220千(qian)伏高壓經開(kai)關(guan)站輸入(ru)京、津、唐電網。
下池樞紐由閘(zha)壩和電站(zhan)組成,有效庫容1000萬立方米,屬日調(diao)節水(shui)庫,與潘家(jia)口電站(zhan)抽水(shui)蓄能機組配合(he)使(shi)用。
防洪標準
潘(pan)家口水庫(ku):按千年一遇洪水設計(ji),五千年一遇洪水校(xiao)核。
度(du)汛指(zhi)標:水利部水管(1989)11號文批準,潘(pan)家口水庫按千年一遇設計(ji)洪水標準度(du)汛。
歷史運用
潘、大(da)兩水庫自(zi)80年投入(ru)運行以來,最(zui)大(da)一次洪水發生在1994年7月1日,相當于二(er)十年一遇(yu)洪水,簡述(shu)如下:
1994年7月13日,灤河流域遭受了(le)有資料記(ji)載以來第二位(wei)(wei),潘、大(da)兩(liang)水(shui)庫投(tou)入(ru)運行以來第一位(wei)(wei)的(de)大(da)洪水(shui),潘家(jia)口(kou)水(shui)庫最大(da)入(ru)庫洪峰(feng)流量9870 立方米/秒,由于潘、大(da)兩(liang)水(shui)庫調度(du)合理,汛前將(jiang)潘家(jia)口(kou)水(shui)庫預(yu)泄(xie)水(shui)位(wei)(wei)至(zhi)207.00m,為下游(you)錯峰(feng)8小(xiao)時,保住(zhu)(zhu)了(le)樂亭(ting)小(xiao)埝,使小(xiao)埝內十二萬人口(kou)的(de)村(cun)莊,二十多萬畝土地安然無(wu)恙(yang),保住(zhu)(zhu)了(le)國家(jia)投(tou)資1600萬元(yuan)的(de)白龍山電站,為下游(you)減(jian)輕了(le)損(sun)失。
通(tong)過“94.7”特大洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)可(ke)以看出,灤河(he)下游行(xing)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)標準偏(pian)低,障礙嚴重“94.7”洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui),潘(pan)家口(kou)入庫(ku)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)峰(feng)流(liu)量9870 立方米(mi)/秒(miao),在設(she)(she)(she)計上僅相當(dang)于二十年(nian)一(yi)遇(yu)的(de)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui),但由(you)于1962年(nian)以后,灤河(he)一(yi)直(zhi)未發生(sheng)大洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui),從而使(shi)河(he)道(dao)行(xing)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)能力大大下降,河(he)道(dao)中住(zhu)戶、耕(geng)地、各類(lei)水(shui)產養殖業、水(shui)利工程(cheng)等很多,給我們的(de)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)調度工作帶來了(le)一(yi)定的(de)困難。“94.7”洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)水(shui)如按設(she)(she)(she)計要求泄洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong),沿線損失和水(shui)利工程(cheng)破壞程(cheng)度將難以設(she)(she)(she)想,所以灤河(he)清障及防洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)標準偏(pian)低的(de)問題應(ying)當(dang)及時解決。同(tong)時應(ying)加強對(dui)灤河(he)錯峰(feng)的(de)研究工作,避免盲目(mu)錯峰(feng)給潘(pan)家口(kou)、大黑汀(ting)、桃林口(kou)三水(shui)庫(ku)帶來不必要的(de)行(xing)洪(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)壓力。
交通提示
從(cong)(cong)京(jing)沈高速公路豐(feng)潤出口下道往北行(xing)(xing)至(zhi)遷(qian)西縣(xian)城(cheng),由此(ci)西行(xing)(xing)到三(san)屯營(ying)鎮后往北行(xing)(xing)至(zhi)灑河橋(qiao),再(zai)往東北走不遠即可到達遷(qian)西縣(xian)喜峰湖(hu)景區(qu)。 乘火車從(cong)(cong)唐(tang)山(shan)站下車后,換乘唐(tang)山(shan)至(zhi)遷(qian)西的長途汽車,遷(qian)西縣(xian)內有汽車可直通喜峰湖(hu)景區(qu)。
歷史中的潘家口
潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou)古(gu)稱盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)。相傳(chuan),宋代(dai)曾有一(yi)(yi)潘(pan)(pan)姓將(jiang)領(ling)在此駐(zhu)守,因此而(er)得(de)名(ming),民間還傳(chuan)說宋將(jiang)潘(pan)(pan)仁美曾駐(zhu)守這里。潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou)新關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)建(jian)于(yu)明嘉(jia)靖(jing)四十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1562年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),舊關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)無考。灤河(he)水從此由關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)流入關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內。兩岸山峰聳(song)立,山勢非常險要(yao)。關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內有城(cheng)堡,為明萬歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間修(xiu)筑。土城(cheng)高二(er)丈二(er)尺,周長二(er)百一(yi)(yi)十(shi)(shi)九(jiu)丈六尺。明清時派重兵駐(zhu)守,曾有都司駐(zhu)于(yu)此,后(hou)(hou)改千總(zong),后(hou)(hou)又改把總(zong)。“自(zi)有盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai),煙塵飛至今”。從漢(han)、晉、南北朝(chao)到隋、唐、遼、金、元(yuan)等朝(chao)代(dai),潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou)一(yi)(yi)直為軍事要(yao)道。元(yuan)以后(hou)(hou),由于(yu)喜峰口(kou)(kou)(kou)修(xiu)了(le)官道連通(tong)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內外(wai),此后(hou)(hou)潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou)交通(tong)斷絕,均走(zou)喜峰口(kou)(kou)(kou)。有史以來,潘(pan)(pan)喜兩關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)戰(zhan)事總(zong)是(shi)聯在一(yi)(yi)起,自(zi)古(gu)以來是(shi)兵家(jia)(jia)(jia)必爭之地(di)。東漢(han)建(jian)安(an)(an)十(shi)(shi)二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)207年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),曹操征(zheng)烏桓出(chu)盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)。東晉永和(he)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)350年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))前燕慕容雋由潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou)進(jin)攻中原,于(yu)薊稱帝,并(bing)刻石嶺上,以記功事。北魏太延二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)436)四月(yue),魏伐(fa)北燕出(chu)盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)553年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)秋,北齊文宣帝高洋(yang)率(lv)軍擊契丹,經(jing)盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)至平安(an)(an)(今吉林延壽縣(xian))大勝。隋朝(chao)天皇三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)583年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))幽州總(zong)管陰壽率(lv)兵騎(qi)數(shu)(shu)萬出(chu)盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai)擊東突厥,破(po)(po)高保寧于(yu)黃龍(long)(今吉林農安(an)(an))。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1123年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)遼都統蕭干入盧(lu)(lu)龍(long)塞(sai)(sai)(sai)(sai),攻破(po)(po)景州(今遵(zun)化),宋將(jiang)郭藥師大破(po)(po)其眾。明弘治十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1504年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),蒙古(gu)部(bu)落兀良(liang)哈侵犯潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou)。明嘉(jia)靖(jing)三(san)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)1559年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),蒙古(gu)數(shu)(shu)萬騎(qi)兵進(jin)犯潘(pan)(pan)家(jia)(jia)(jia)口(kou)(kou)(kou),渡(du)灤河(he)西進(jin),大肆掠奪遵(zun)化、遷安(an)(an)、玉(yu)田等地(di)而(er)出(chu)。今城(cheng)堡已拆毀(hui),為水庫淹沒區。