形(xing)態(tai)描述(shu) 石子河蘑(mo)菇湖形(xing)如簸箕,是利用兩(liang)河洪積扇扇間洼(wa)地修筑起來的人工湖泊;水庫(ku)東西寬6.5km、南(nan)北長7.4km、最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)庫(ku)容(rong)1.8億立方米,蓄(xu)(xu)水面(mian)(mian)積31.2km2,庫(ku)底高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)377.2m,蓄(xu)(xu)水最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)390.8m,水位最(zui)(zui)(zui)高(gao)(gao)時最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)水深13.6m,平均為(wei)4.3m,最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)壩高(gao)(gao)15.6m原設計水庫(ku)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)蓄(xu)(xu)水面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)31.2km2、1982年實(shi)測蓄(xu)(xu)水面(mian)(mian)積只有27.84km2。
地質情況
水(shui)(shui)庫底(di)質為泥狀(zhuang),底(di)泥偏堿(jian)性(xing)(xing),有(you)機成(cheng)分(fen)較高,底(di)泥為黑褐色此(ci)灰褐色、分(fen)散性(xing)(xing)強,呈渣狀(zhuang)或(huo)粉渣狀(zhuang)淤泥質堆積物(wu),硫化氫刺鼻(bi)氣味濃,質地(di)以粉質壤土為主(zhu)浸水(shui)(shui)情況下成(cheng)糊(hu)狀(zhuang)分(fen)散狀(zhuang)態(tai),濕陷性(xing)(xing)強、干燥后經形(xing)成(cheng)灰包,隨風(feng)飄泊。
水(shui)(shui)庫水(shui)(shui)源主要有蘑引渠(qu)、電站(zhan)渠(qu)、導流渠(qu)、沙(sha)灣河、總排(pai)干(gan)、新排(pai)干(gan)等(deng)來水(shui)(shui),除蘑引渠(qu)納入部(bu)分瑪納斯河水(shui)(shui)、城市污水(shui)(shui)、泉水(shui)(shui)外,其他渠(qu)系全部(bu)為農(nong)田排(pai)水(shui)(shui)和泉溝排(pai)水(shui)(shui)。
生態特征
生態特征 石子河蘑菇水庫已接近或超過富營養化狀態,污染源主要是入庫污水,氮(dan)已超標7~10倍、總(zong)磷10~17倍,主要污染物包括銅(tong)、鎘、鋁、六(liu)(liu)價鉻(ge)、總(zong)汞(gong)、砷、酚、硫化物、六(liu)(liu)六(liu)(liu)六(liu)(liu)和滴(di)滴(di)涕;
水(shui)溫變(bian)化與氣溫變(bian)化具一(yi)定(ding)相(xiang)關性、蘑庫最低(di)水(shui)溫為12~3月(yue)為0℃、最高(gao)水(shui)溫月(yue)份為6~8月(yue)為24℃以上,蘑庫冰期為12月(yue)中旬至次年3月(yue)底(di)左右為結冰期、冰層最厚可達60~70cm。
水庫(ku)漁業發展隨水質污(wu)染和富營養化(hua)程度(du)的(de)加(jia)(jia)重明顯呈(cheng)現(xian)出(chu)下降(jiang)趨(qu)勢,1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)總(zong)捕(bu)撈(lao)量為(wei)(wei)650t;1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)僅4.5t;采取春放秋捕(bu)措施后,1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)才達到(dao)(dao)202t,水庫(ku)漁業發展隨水質污(wu)染和富營養化(hua)程度(du)的(de)加(jia)(jia)重明顯呈(cheng)現(xian)出(chu)下降(jiang)趨(qu)勢,1966年(nian)(nian)(nian)總(zong)捕(bu)撈(lao)量為(wei)(wei)650t,1983年(nian)(nian)(nian)僅4.5t,采取春放秋捕(bu)措施后,1987年(nian)(nian)(nian)才達到(dao)(dao)202t;蘑庫(ku)魚(yu)(yu)(yu)類的(de)種類組成變動很大,1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)各類魚(yu)(yu)(yu)的(de)數量依次為(wei)(wei),鯉魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鰱魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鯽魚(yu)(yu)(yu),1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)后是(shi)鰱魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鯽魚(yu)(yu)(yu)>鯉魚(yu)(yu)(yu)。
82~83年游植物種(zhong)類80余種(zhong),常見種(zhong)(屬(shu))有:微囊藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、顫藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、魚(yu)腥(xing)(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、膠刺藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、膠鞘藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、球囊藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、空星藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、柵(zha)列(lie)(lie)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、盤(pan)星藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、新月(yue)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、針桿藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、舟形藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、菱形藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、黃絲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao);水(shui)庫中(zhong)優勢(shi)種(zhong)為藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)微囊藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、魚(yu)腥(xing)(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、顫藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)盤(pan)腥(xing)(xing)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、柵(zha)列(lie)(lie)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、新月(yue)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)針桿藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、舟形藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao),黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)黃綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)、裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)的(de)(de)裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)。
82—83年水庫的浮游(you)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)種類(lei)共有57種,常(chang)見種(屬(shu))有草履(lv)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、多(duo)毛榴彈蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、萼花(hua)臂尾輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、壺狀臂尾輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、矩形龜甲輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、前節晶囊輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、蓋氏(shi)晶囊輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、針族多(duo)枝輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、邁(mai)氏(shi)三(san)枝輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、長三(san)枝輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),87—89年調查與82—83年趨勢(shi)基(ji)本一(yi)致,以輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)為(wei)絕對優勢(shi),甲殼(ke)類(lei)十分稀(xi)少(shao)。在整個水庫生態(tai)類(lei)群中(zhong),底棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)是最貧(pin)乏的一(yi)類(lei),僅11種,包(bao)括4種寡毛類(lei)和7種搖蚊幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong),羽搖蚊為(wei)常(chang)見種,軟體動(dong)物(wu)(wu)的空殼(ke)多(duo)見,如(ru)小(xiao)土(tu)蝸、卵蘿卜小(xiao)螺(luo)、凸(tu)旋螺(luo)等。
浮(fu)游植物種(zhong)類(lei)的(de)年(nian)內變(bian)化呈(cheng)現出兩個(ge)高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)與(yu)兩個(ge)低(di)(di)峰(feng)(feng),第(di)一高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)在6月,第(di)二高(gao)(gao)峰(feng)(feng)在10月,而(er)且種(zhong)類(lei)數兩個(ge)峰(feng)(feng)值基本相等,第(di)一低(di)(di)峰(feng)(feng)在8月,第(di)二低(di)(di)峰(feng)(feng)在3月,浮(fu)游動物與(yu)底棲動物種(zhong)類(lei)組成(cheng)的(de)季節性變(bian)化不(bu)大。