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簡介

白山水庫位(wei)于吉林(lin)省中部、第二松花江(jiang)上(shang)。匯水面(mian)積1.9萬(wan)平方(fang)公里，年徑流量75.3億立方(fang)米。庫容(rong)65.1億立方(fang)米，主要(yao)用于發電(dian)。

第(di)二(er)松花江(jiang)流(liu)(liu)域屬大陸性季風氣候區。白山(shan)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)地區冬季漫長寒冷，夏季濕潤(run)多(duo)雨，四季分明。多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)4.3攝氏度，一般在(zai)(zai)11月(yue)上旬江(jiang)面開始流(liu)(liu)冰。中下旬封(feng)江(jiang)，直(zhi)到次年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)4月(yue)上中旬開江(jiang)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)封(feng)凍期長達135天，1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)實(shi)測最低氣溫(wen)曾達-44.5攝氏度。流(liu)(liu)域多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)800毫米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右，水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)(ku)壩址處多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)239立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)每秒，多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)徑流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)7 5.3億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)0 7-8月(yue)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)占全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)47.1%。大洪水(shui)(shui)多(duo)發生在(zai)(zai)8月(yue)，洪峰過(guo)程具有峰高(gao)量(liang)(liang)(liang)大、歷(li)時短的(de)(de)特點。1960年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)實(shi)測最大洪峰流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)11800立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)每秒，相(xiang)應7天洪量(liang)(liang)(liang)19.4億立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)，實(shi)測最小流(liu)(liu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)9.25立(li)方(fang)(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)每秒。庫(ku)(ku)區植被良好，江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)含沙(sha)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較小，年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)輸(shu)沙(sha)量(liang)(liang)(liang)僅(jin)105萬噸。

作用

白(bai)(bai)(bai)山(shan)水(shui)(shui)庫是(shi)以發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)為主(zhu)，兼顧防洪等綜合利用(yong)(yong)的(de)水(shui)(shui)利工程，建成(cheng)后在(zai)(zai)各方面(mian)均(jun)發(fa)揮(hui)了很好(hao)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。首(shou)先，水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)充分發(fa)揮(hui)了調(diao)(diao)峰、調(diao)(diao)頻(pin)與事(shi)故(gu)(gu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)，為東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)科學(xue)調(diao)(diao)度(du)與安全(quan)運行(xing)期發(fa)揮(hui)了積極的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。1984-1992年(nian)，白(bai)(bai)(bai)山(shan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)累計發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量為137億千(qian)瓦時(shi)，占東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)22.58%，占全(quan)網(wang)(wang)的(de)2.51%；白(bai)(bai)(bai)山(shan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)出力(li)(li)的(de)92.6%都用(yong)(yong)在(zai)(zai)調(diao)(diao)峰上；承擔全(quan)網(wang)(wang)調(diao)(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)的(de)18.5%，起(qi)到了主(zhu)導調(diao)(diao)峰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。其(qi)次，白(bai)(bai)(bai)山(shan)水(shui)(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)是(shi)東北(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)的(de)理想電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，在(zai)(zai)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰期，白(bai)(bai)(bai)山(shan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)約要擔負全(quan)網(wang)(wang)的(de)1/2的(de)備(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)容量，非高(gao) 峰時(shi)也要有條件承擔電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)一臺30兆瓦機組的(de)事(shi)故(gu)(gu)備(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)，年(nian)均(jun) 負載備(bei)(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)約150兆瓦。

為(wei)進一步(bu)發揮(hui)白(bai)山、紅石與豐滿等三(san)座(zuo)大(da)型水電站的(de)聯合(he)調(diao)度，特別是調(diao)峰作用，在(zai)白(bai)山電站現有工程的(de)基礎上建設了以紅石水庫(ku)為(wei)下(xia)庫(ku)的(de)抽水蓄能電站，裝機2臺共300兆瓦，現已(yi)投入運行。

另外(wai)在防洪(hong)方面．為提高(gao)(gao)與(yu)(yu)豐(feng)滿(man)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)聯(lian)合調(diao)度(du)的(de)防洪(hong)作用(yong)，白(bai)(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)還預留(liu)了(le)4.5億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)錯峰庫(ku)容，小于100年(nian)一(yi)(yi)遇洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時，可使(shi)豐(feng)滿(man)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)下(xia)泄流(liu)量(liang)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少500～1000立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)每秒，提高(gao)(gao)了(le)流(liu)域的(de)防洪(hong)抗災效用(yong)。1986年(nian)汛(xun)期(qi)大水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，白(bai)(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)的(de)洪(hong)峰削(xue)減(jian)(jian)(jian)率達78.4%，整個洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)期(qi)白(bai)(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)攔蓄洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)20.2億立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)，極大地減(jian)(jian)(jian)輕了(le)洪(hong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)對(dui)下(xia)游特別是對(dui)哈爾濱(bin)市的(de)威脅。1991年(nian)松(song)花江大水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，8月上(shang)旬松(song)花江出現了(le)緊張的(de)汛(xun)情，8月中旬哈爾濱(bin)最大流(liu)量(liang)達10800立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)每秒，最高(gao)(gao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)高(gao)(gao)達120.09米(mi)，距堤頂只差(cha)20厘米(mi)，豐(feng)滿(man)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)一(yi)(yi)直保持出庫(ku)流(liu)量(liang)不超過(guo)3000立(li)(li)(li)(li)方米(mi)每秒。為此白(bai)(bai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)進行了(le)控泄，減(jian)(jian)(jian)少豐(feng)滿(man)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)壓力(li)，實現了(le)與(yu)(yu)豐(feng)滿(man)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)的(de)科學聯(lian)調(diao)，在確保白(bai)(bai)、豐(feng)兩庫(ku)調(diao)度(du)安全的(de)情況下(xia)，大大緩解了(le)下(xia)游兩岸與(yu)(yu)哈爾濱(bin)市的(de)防洪(hong)壓力(li)。

紀實

1958年(nian)(nian)3月(yue)白山(shan)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)被列(lie)入第(di)(di)二個五年(nian)(nian)計劃，1958年(nian)(nian)10月(yue)開(kai)(kai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建設。1962年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)，白山(shan)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)緩建。至(zhi)此，工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)已(yi)經(jing)完成左岸導(dao)流洞(dong)的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)導(dao)洞(dong)，右(you)岸修建了木籠(long)圍堰及臨 時建筑。1975年(nian)(nian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)復工(gong)(gong)(gong)，同年(nian)(nian)5月(yue)1日，白山(shan)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)主(zhu)體工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)開(kai)(kai)始(shi)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)，至(zhi)1982年(nian)(nian)11月(yue)1 6日，導(dao)流底孔9米×21米閘門(men)下閘，水(shui)庫開(kai)(kai)始(shi)蓄水(shui)，1983年(nian)(nian)12月(yue)30日，第(di)(di)一(yi)臺(tai)(tai)300 兆瓦水(shui)輪(lun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組正式并(bing)網發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，第(di)(di)二臺(tai)(tai)和第(di)(di)三(san)臺(tai)(tai)各300兆水(shui)輪(lun)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組于(yu)1984年(nian)(nian)7月(yue)和12月(yue)正式并(bing)網發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。1986年(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)底1982電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)第(di)(di)一(yi)期工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)完成。

白(bai)山水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)工(gong)程在設(she)計和施工(gong)中選用(yong)(yong)的單(dan)曲三心(xin)圓混(hun)凝土(tu)重力拱壩，高(gao)(gao)、深孔相(xiang)(xiang)間布置，挑(tiao)流水(shui)(shui)舌互相(xiang)(xiang)穿(chuan)射、橫向擴(kuo) 散、縱向分層的三維(wei)綜合(he)消(xiao)能的泄(xie)洪設(she)施、在300兆(zhao)瓦水(shui)(shui)輪(lun)發(fa) 電(dian)機組上采用(yong)(yong)靜止(zhi)式(shi)可控硅自并激勵磁系(xi)統、220千伏高(gao)(gao)壓設(she)備采用(yong)(yong)六氟化硫全封閉組合(he)電(dian)器等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)，在當(dang)時(shi)的水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建設(she)中是非常先進的，為中國水(shui)(shui)電(dian)建設(she)史寫下(xia)了(le)光輝的一筆。