虞氏舊宅位于浙江省慈溪市龍山鎮山下村,是近代中國民營資本家虞洽卿赴上海經商發跡后在家鄉營造的私宅。由(you)相對獨(du)立的兩部分(fen)、共五進(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)組成(cheng)(cheng),通面(mian)闊59米,通進(jin)深(shen)94米。前三進(jin)于1916~1919年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng),為傳(chuan)統的木結構建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),由(you)大門三間(jian)、廳堂九(jiu)間(jian)二(er)弄(nong)、后樓九(jiu)間(jian)二(er)弄(nong)、左右廂房(fang)各(ge)兩間(jian)等構成(cheng)(cheng)。后二(er)進(jin)于1926~1929年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng),為西洋式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu),每進(jin)九(jiu)間(jian)二(er)弄(nong),以(yi)新古典主義(yi)風格為主,同時又博(bo)采(cai)眾長(chang)(chang),形式不拘一(yi)格,明(ming)顯地體現出(chu)中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的風格,是整個虞氏舊宅(zhai)的主體建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)和精華(hua)所在。前后兩部分(fen)之間(jian)以(yi)一(yi)條(tiao)寬3.5米的長(chang)(chang)弄(nong)相隔,前窄(zhai)后寬,形似“呂(lv)”字(zi)。
虞(yu)氏舊宅建(jian)(jian)筑群(qun)在布局上以(yi)一條中(zhong)軸線貫穿始終,主(zhu)次分明,過渡自然,是(shi)近代(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑中(zhong)西(xi)合璧的(de)(de)成功范例(li),其建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)達到了很(hen)高的(de)(de)工(gong)藝水平,房屋裝飾也獨具特(te)色,擁有很(hen)高的(de)(de)藝術(shu)價值。
建筑結構
龍(long)山虞氏舊(jiu)宅建(jian)筑(zhu)群由(you)相對(dui)獨立(li)的(de)(de)兩部分、共(gong)五進建(jian)筑(zhu)組成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),通面闊59米(mi),通進深94米(mi)。前三進于1916~1919年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),為傳統的(de)(de)木結構建(jian)筑(zhu),由(you)大門三間(jian)、廳堂九(jiu)間(jian)二(er)弄、后(hou)樓九(jiu)間(jian)二(er)弄、左(zuo)右廂房各兩間(jian)等構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。后(hou)二(er)進于1926至1929年(nian)建(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),為西(xi)洋式(shi)建(jian)筑(zhu),每進九(jiu)間(jian)二(er)弄,以(yi)新古(gu)典主(zhu)義風格為主(zhu),同(tong)時(shi)又博采(cai)眾長,形式(shi)不拘一格,明顯地體現出中(zhong)國(guo)傳統建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)風格,是整個虞氏舊(jiu)宅的(de)(de)主(zhu)體建(jian)筑(zhu)和精華所(suo)在。前后(hou)兩部分之(zhi)間(jian)以(yi)一條寬3.5米(mi)的(de)(de)長弄相隔(ge),前窄(zhai)后(hou)寬,形似“呂”字(zi)。
虞氏舊(jiu)宅(zhai)座(zuo)北朝南偏(pian)東22度,現存(cun)主體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑共(gong)五進(jin),通(tong)(tong)面寬59米(mi),通(tong)(tong)進(jin)深94米(mi),占地面積5546平(ping)方米(mi),建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑面積5670平(ping)方米(mi),前三進(jin)始建(jian)(jian)(jian)于1916年(nian)(nian),建(jian)(jian)(jian)成(cheng)于1919年(nian)(nian)。1926年(nian)(nian)動工興建(jian)(jian)(jian)后(hou)二(er)進(jin),1929年(nian)(nian)竣工。前后(hou)兩部分建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑由一條長59米(mi)、寬3.6米(mi)的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)道相隔,形(xing)成(cheng)相對獨立的(de)(de)兩個整體。
建筑藝術
龍(long)山(shan)虞氏舊宅建筑(zhu)群前(qian)三進(jin)(jin)承中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統建筑(zhu)風格(ge),大(da)門前(qian)臨河(he)立照壁(已毀)。第(di)一(yi)進(jin)(jin)牌式(shi)門樓(lou)(lou)。明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)門,左(zuo)右(you)次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)門房;正(zheng)立面(mian)小(xiao)八字(zi)磨磚(zhuan)結(jie)構磚(zhuan)雕額(e)枋,上(shang)鐫“天倫樂敘(xu)”四字(zi);進(jin)(jin)深單坡二(er)架,單步梁(liang)(liang)上(shang)作船篷軒,梁(liang)(liang)枋和(he)牛腿(tui)雕刻鳳(feng)鳥松枝、人(ren)物故事(shi);后(hou)(hou)檐柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)安(an)裝(zhuang)玻璃(li)格(ge)扇門;外(wai)(wai)墻連(lian)接(jie)東(dong)西兩側(ce)廂樓(lou)(lou)山(shan)墻。第(di)二(er)進(jin)(jin)廳(ting)堂,由正(zheng)廳(ting)和(he)東(dong)西夾樓(lou)(lou)九(jiu)(jiu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)二(er)廊(lang)組成,面(mian)寬(kuan)44.79米,進(jin)(jin)深10.92米。正(zheng)廳(ting)三開(kai)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),正(zheng)中(zhong)原(yuan)懸(xuan)掛(gua)“天敘(xu)堂”三字(zi)大(da)匾(bian),取(qu)天倫樂敘(xu)之意(yi);另(ling)外(wai)(wai),兩旁懸(xuan)掛(gua)的還有黎(li)元洪、蔣介(jie)石、于佑(you)任等(deng)(deng)政要顯(xian)達贈送的“樂善(shan)好施”、“輸(shu)財保國”等(deng)(deng)匾(bian)額(e)。明(ming)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)梁(liang)(liang)架九(jiu)(jiu)檁六(liu)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)抬(tai)(tai)梁(liang)(liang)式(shi),次(ci)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)九(jiu)(jiu)檁七柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)抬(tai)(tai)梁(liang)(liang)穿斗(dou)混合式(shi),為(wei)重檐高平(ping)屋復式(shi)屋頂,使(shi)外(wai)(wai)觀成重檐式(shi)結(jie)構;前(qian)廊(lang)作船篷軒;后(hou)(hou)內廊(lang)樓(lou)(lou)層辟走馬樓(lou)(lou),將(jiang)二(er)側(ce)樓(lou)(lou)面(mian)連(lian)成一(yi)體;樓(lou)(lou)梯設兩側(ce)通廊(lang),前(qian)老檐柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)裝(zhuang)一(yi)列格(ge)扇門,后(hou)(hou)金(jin)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)安(an)屏風門;梁(liang)(liang)枋、牛腿(tui)、雀(que)替、門栿上(shang)均有人(ren)物故事(shi)、鳳(feng)戲牡丹、鹿(lu)銜靈芝、梅蘭竹(zhu)菊、獅(shi)子(zi)滾球等(deng)(deng)題(ti)材的雕刻,渲染出吉(ji)祥如意(yi)、榮(rong)華富貴的濃(nong)郁民族特色。第(di)三進(jin)(jin)后(hou)(hou)樓(lou)(lou)九(jiu)(jiu)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)二(er)廊(lang),內部結(jie)構為(wei)抬(tai)(tai)梁(liang)(liang)穿斗(dou)式(shi)。前(qian)廊(lang)方形廊(lang)柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)和(he)二(er)進(jin)(jin)通廊(lang)架設的天橋為(wei)鋼筋混凝土結(jie)構,檐柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)磚(zhuan)混材料包砌成方柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),柱(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)頭堆塑(su)希(xi)臘科林斯式(shi)花(hua)紋;正(zheng)立面(mian)明(ming)顯(xian)經(jing)過(guo)后(hou)(hou)期改造(zao),具有濃(nong)郁的西式(shi)風格(ge)。
后二進(jin)(jin)屬西(xi)洋式(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu),高墻深(shen)院(yuan)自成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)(ti),由(you)主樓(lou)(lou)(lou)和(he)后樓(lou)(lou)(lou)組(zu)成(cheng),兩進(jin)(jin)院(yuan)落面(mian)寬(kuan)均(jun)為九間二廊,分列(lie)二室一(yi)(yi)廳三個單(dan)(dan)(dan)元,14米(mi)深(shen)的前(qian)(qian)院(yuan)用(yong)高達6米(mi)的圍墻封護。每(mei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元正面(mian)設(she)磚(zhuan)石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)樓(lou)(lou)(lou),前(qian)(qian)立(li)面(mian)門(men)(men)(men)楣枋(fang)額磚(zhuan)雕梅蘭竹菊和(he)人(ren)物故事作門(men)(men)(men)罩(zhao),為中式(shi)風(feng)格(ge);后立(li)面(mian)堆塑西(xi)洋式(shi)卷草紋(wen)圖案,屬西(xi)式(shi)風(feng)格(ge)。門(men)(men)(men)額均(jun)鐫刻四字吉祥語,外(wai)楷書、內篆書,如“福祿歡(huan)喜”、“增(zeng)榮益譽”、“長(chang)樂安(an)康”、“淑氣迎人(ren)”等(deng)。二廊底層(ceng)(ceng)各開一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men),上(shang)架(jia)天(tian)橋,使前(qian)(qian)后樓(lou)(lou)(lou)層(ceng)(ceng)互相貫通(tong)。西(xi)式(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)均(jun)以石(shi)砌磚(zhuan)墻承重,檁柵直接架(jia)在(zai)磚(zhuan)墻上(shang),山(shan)墻和(he)壁(bi)爐(lu)煙道伸出屋(wu)面(mian),作女(nv)兒(er)墻結構,外(wai)側山(shan)墻墻頭(tou)有(you)西(xi)式(shi)花(hua)卉堆塑。屋(wu)面(mian)單(dan)(dan)(dan)檐小青瓦(wa)兩坡頂,瓦(wa)當出檐,檐溝落水,元寶(bao)磚(zhuan)壘脊。主樓(lou)(lou)(lou)地壟架(jia)空,臺基(ji)高0.6米(mi),三樓(lou)(lou)(lou)作閣樓(lou)(lou)(lou),面(mian)寬(kuan)55.65米(mi),進(jin)(jin)深(shen)15.52米(mi)。該建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的臺基(ji)、階條、墻裙(qun)、門(men)(men)(men)框(kuang)、圓柱(zhu)等(deng)石(shi)材構件,均(jun)挑(tiao)選優質梅園石(shi)。前(qian)(qian)廊寬(kuan)敞,安(an)裝淺紅色(se)磨石(shi)子欄桿(gan);12組(zu)檐柱(zhu),每(mei)組(zu)由(you)方形磚(zhuan)柱(zhu)附(fu)二根石(shi)質倚柱(zhu)組(zu)成(cheng),柱(zhu)頭(tou)飾(shi)垂幔紋(wen),倚柱(zhu)為羅馬塔司干式(shi),雕塑精致美觀。室內裝壁(bi)爐(lu),爐(lu)龕四周貼瓷磚(zhuan),色(se)彩(cai)艷麗,頂棚為多層(ceng)(ceng)凹凸梟混線腳疊澀組(zu)成(cheng)的穹頂。樓(lou)(lou)(lou)下每(mei)單(dan)(dan)(dan)元二室鋪木地板,一(yi)(yi)廳鋪設(she)魚鱗狀紋(wen)飾(shi)的彩(cai)色(se)馬賽克,四角為橄欖枝圖案,用(yong)料考究,做工精細,花(hua)格(ge)門(men)(men)(men)窗,彩(cai)色(se)玻璃,通(tong)體(ti)(ti)富麗堂皇,是后區建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的精華所(suo)在(zai)。后樓(lou)(lou)(lou)體(ti)(ti)量(liang)小于主樓(lou)(lou)(lou),結構簡潔,有(you)穿廊與主樓(lou)(lou)(lou)相接。
另外(wai),在天敘堂左側原有(you)平房二列,當年作(zuo)廚房、儲藏室及(ji)圈養禽畜之用。右邊(bian)是(shi)(shi)小花園,原有(you)一(yi)排精(jing)巧的(de)(de)西班牙式小洋房,前掘(jue)水(shui)池,遍栽奇花異草(cao),高雅(ya)幽靜,是(shi)(shi)接(jie)待達貴(gui)巨(ju)賈的(de)(de)居憩(qi)之處,今僅存殘園。虞氏舊宅(zhai)建筑(zhu)群在布(bu)局上以一(yi)條中(zhong)軸(zhou)線貫穿始終(zhong),主次分(fen)明,過渡自然,是(shi)(shi)近代建筑(zhu)中(zhong)西合璧(bi)的(de)(de)成功范例(li),其建筑(zhu)施工(gong)達到了(le)很高的(de)(de)工(gong)藝水(shui)平,房屋裝飾也(ye)獨具特色,擁有(you)很高的(de)(de)藝術價值。