東道主,是(shi)漢語(yu)的一則成語(yu),語(yu)出春秋·左丘明(ming)《左傳(chuan)·僖公三(san)十年(nian)》。
春(chun)秋時鄭(zheng)大(da)夫燭之武(wu)見秦穆(mu)公,要(yao)求秦軍停(ting)(ting)止進攻鄭(zheng)國(guo),鄭(zheng)國(guo)今后作為東(dong)路上的居停(ting)(ting)主(zhu)人(ren)招待來(lai)往的秦國(guo)使者(zhe)。因鄭(zheng)國(guo)在秦國(guo)東(dong)面,所以稱為“東(dong)道主(zhu)”。這則成(cheng)語(yu)泛指接待或宴(yan)客的主(zhu)人(ren)。其結構為偏正式(shi),在句子中可作主(zhu)語(yu)、賓語(yu)。
九月甲午,晉(jin)(jin)侯秦伯圍鄭(zheng),以(yi)其無禮(li)於(wu)晉(jin)(jin),且貳於(wu)楚(chu)也。晉(jin)(jin)軍函陵,秦軍氾南。佚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狐言於(wu)鄭(zheng)伯曰(yue)(yue):“國危(wei)矣!若(ruo)使燭(zhu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)武見秦君(jun)(jun),師必退。”公從(cong)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。辭曰(yue)(yue):“臣之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)壯也,猶不如人;今老矣,無能為也已(yi)。”公曰(yue)(yue):“吾不能早用子,今急而求子,是寡(gua)人之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)過也。然鄭(zheng)亡,子亦(yi)(yi)有(you)不利(li)焉(yan)。”許之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。夜縋而出,見秦伯曰(yue)(yue):“秦晉(jin)(jin)圍鄭(zheng),鄭(zheng)既知(zhi)亡矣。若(ruo)鄭(zheng)亡而有(you)益(yi)於(wu)君(jun)(jun),敢以(yi)煩(fan)執事。越國以(yi)鄙遠,君(jun)(jun)知(zhi)其難也;焉(yan)用亡鄭(zheng)以(yi)倍鄰(lin)?鄰(lin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)厚,君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)薄(bo)也。若(ruo)舎(she)鄭(zheng)以(yi)為東道(dao)主(zhu),行(xing)李(li)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)往來,共其乏困,君(jun)(jun)亦(yi)(yi)無所(suo)害。且君(jun)(jun)嘗為晉(jin)(jin)君(jun)(jun)賜矣,許君(jun)(jun)焦、瑕,朝濟而夕設版(ban)焉(yan),君(jun)(jun)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)知(zhi)也。夫晉(jin)(jin)何厭之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)有(you)?既東封(feng)鄭(zheng),又欲肆其西封(feng),若(ruo)不闕秦,將焉(yan)取之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)?闕秦以(yi)利(li)晉(jin)(jin),唯(wei)君(jun)(jun)圖之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。”秦伯說,與鄭(zheng)人盟,使杞子、逄孫、楊孫戍之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),乃(nai)還(huan)。(《左傳(chuan)·僖公三十(shi)年》)
后人(ren)由此典故提煉出成(cheng)語(yu)“東(dong)(dong)道(dao)主”,也作“東(dong)(dong)道(dao)主人(ren)”。
春秋時(shi)代(dai),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子重(zhong)耳逃亡到(dao)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)時(shi),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)曾(ceng)經阻止他(ta)進人鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。后來(lai)重(zhong)耳回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)做了(le)(le)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君,一(yi)(yi)(yi)直忘不(bu)(bu)掉這(zhe)件事情,時(shi)刻想要報(bao)仇,就(jiu)聯合(he)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)共同出兵(bing)(bing)攻打鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)非常(chang)害怕,佚之(zhi)(zhi)狐向鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)危險(xian)了(le)(le),如果派(pai)燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)去見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)君,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)軍(jun)隊一(yi)(yi)(yi)定退走。”鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聽(ting)了(le)(le)他(ta)的(de)(de)意見,派(pai)燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)勸說(shuo)(shuo)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)退兵(bing)(bing)。燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)推辭說(shuo)(shuo):“臣壯年時(shi),尚(shang)且不(bu)(bu)如別人,現在(zai)(zai)老了(le)(le),無能為(wei)力(li)了(le)(le)。”鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)沒(mei)有及早重(zhong)用(yong)您,危急(ji)時(shi)才來(lai)求您,這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)的(de)(de)過錯(cuo)。然而鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)了(le)(le),對(dui)您也(ye)不(bu)(bu)利啊!”燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)答應了(le)(le)。夜(ye)里,把(ba)燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)用(yong)繩子從城上(shang)墜下去求見秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong),秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)將士(shi)禁止他(ta)進去,他(ta)便(bian)在(zai)(zai)城外放聲(sheng)大哭起來(lai)。兵(bing)(bing)士(shi)們把(ba)他(ta)抓到(dao)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)面前(qian),問他(ta)為(wei)什(shen)么(me)哭,他(ta)說(shuo)(shuo):“我(wo)為(wei)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)哭同時(shi)也(ye)為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)哭。鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)東邊(bian)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)西(xi)邊(bian),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)一(yi)(yi)(yi)亡,晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)更強大,秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)顯得(de)(de)弱了(le)(le)。幫人家(jia)攻打別國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)土地,反而削弱自(zi)己(ji)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)力(li)量,聰(cong)明人是(shi)不(bu)(bu)會做這(zhe)種(zhong)事情的(de)(de)。”秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聽(ting)了(le)(le),大吃一(yi)(yi)(yi)驚,連聲(sheng)說(shuo)(shuo)道:“對(dui),很(hen)對(dui)!”燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)(wu)又(you)說(shuo)(shuo):“如果秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)現在(zai)(zai)肯(ken)撤兵(bing)(bing)解圍(wei),鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)就(jiu)脫離楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),像臣子一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣服侍秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),如果讓鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)作為(wei)秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)東邊(bian)道上(shang)的(de)(de)主人,那么(me),也(ye)可以供應秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人旅行來(lai)往中缺乏的(de)(de)東西(xi),對(dui)你也(ye)有益(yi)無害呀(ya)!”秦(qin)(qin)(qin)穆(mu)(mu)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)聽(ting)了(le)(le),非常(chang)興(xing)奮,便(bian)同鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)訂立盟約(yue),派(pai)將軍(jun)杞子、逢孫、揚孫三人去鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)駐防,自(zi)己(ji)帶著(zhu)大軍(jun)秘密回(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)因秦(qin)(qin)(qin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)背盟,不(bu)(bu)得(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)撤兵(bing)(bing),于是(shi)鄭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)圍(wei)被解除(chu)了(le)(le)。
這(zhe)則典故給(gei)人(ren)的(de)啟示是(shi)(shi),“世界上沒有永遠的(de)敵人(ren),也(ye)沒有永遠的(de)朋友,只有永遠的(de)利(li)益(yi)。”對于(yu)國(guo)與國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)而言(yan)(yan),這(zhe)句話無疑是(shi)(shi)至理名言(yan)(yan)。燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)很(hen)懂這(zhe)一點,他知(zhi)道秦(qin)君出(chu)錢出(chu)力,大(da)(da)老遠趕來,無非利(li)益(yi)使然。但問(wen)題是(shi)(shi),滅了鄭國(guo),秦(qin)國(guo)實(shi)際(ji)上是(shi)(shi)為(wei)晉(jin)君打工幫晉(jin)國(guo)增強實(shi)力。相反,如果(guo)不滅鄭國(guo)而使它成為(wei)東方道路上的(de)主人(ren),秦(qin)國(guo)使臣經過,鄭國(guo)供應他們的(de)食宿、給(gei)養(yang)。無需(xu)動刀(dao)動槍,卻(que)能得到(dao)莫大(da)(da)的(de)好(hao)處,亡(wang)鄭保鄭,結果(guo)大(da)(da)相徑庭(ting)。曉之(zhi)(zhi)以利(li),是(shi)(shi)燭之(zhi)(zhi)武(wu)成功(gong)的(de)關鍵。
“東(dong)道主(zhu)”通常(chang)用于泛稱接待或(huo)宴請賓客的主(zhu)人(ren)。這則(ze)成語(yu)在句(ju)子中可作主(zhu)語(yu)、賓語(yu)。
唐·李白《望九華贈(zeng)青陽韋仲堪》:“君(jun)為東道主,于此臥云松。”