此詩為晚唐,羅隱所著的(de)七言(yan)古詩。主要(yao)特點(dian)是:歸隱情切(qie),含而不露,語言(yan)淺近(jin),蘊(yun)意(yi)卻深。羅隱的(de)詩,大都寫(xie)得“峭直可喜”(李慈銘(ming)《越縵堂讀(du)書(shu)錄(lu)》)而此詩卻達(da)到了“峭直”與“蘊(yun)藉”的(de)統一。
京中七日立春
一二三四五六七,萬木生(sheng)芽是(shi)今日。
遠天歸雁拂云飛,近水游魚迸冰出。
羅隱
(833—909)唐末文(wen)學家。本名橫,字(zi)昭諫,自號(hao)江(jiang)(jiang)東生,新(xin)城(今浙江(jiang)(jiang)富陽)人,一作余杭(hang)(今屬浙江(jiang)(jiang))人。少時(shi)(shi)即負盛名。但因其(qi)詩(shi)文(wen)好抨擊時(shi)(shi)政,譏諷公(gong)(gong)卿,故十舉(ju)進士不(bu)第,乃改名隱(yin)。黃(huang)巢農民(min)起(qi)義爆發(fa)后(hou),避(bi)亂(luan)隱(yin)居九(jiu)華山,后(hou)歸鄉依鎮(zhen)海節度(du)使錢(qian)(qian)鏐(liu),深得錢(qian)(qian)鏐(liu)賞識。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)887年(nian)(nian)(唐光啟三年(nian)(nian)),表奏為錢(qian)(qian)塘令,遷(qian)著作郎。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)906年(nian)(nian)(唐天祐三年(nian)(nian)),充(chong)節度(du)判(pan)官。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)908年(nian)(nian)(后(hou)梁開平二年(nian)(nian)),授給事中(zhong),次年(nian)(nian)遷(qian)鹽鐵(tie)發(fa)運(yun)使,不(bu)久病卒。羅隱(yin)生活于動亂(luan)年(nian)(nian)代,又久受壓抑,詩(shi)工七絕,頗(po)有(you)諷刺現實之作,多用口語,故少數作品能流傳于民(min)間。有(you)詩(shi)集(ji)《甲乙集(ji)》十卷傳世。
作(zuo)者(zhe)羅(luo)隱是(shi)晚唐文壇上的一位(wei)奇才,詩歌和(he)散文都(dou)寫得很好(hao)。但因為他(ta)(ta)性好(hao)諷刺公(gong)卿,痛恨社(she)會(hui)政治的昏暗,因而(er)長期羈(ji)留京(jing)師。盡(jin)管他(ta)(ta)“十(shi)二三年(nian)就(jiu)試(shi)期”,但仍是(shi)“五(wu)湖煙(yan)月奈(nai)相違”(《感(gan)弄猴人賜(si)朱紱(fu)》)。他(ta)(ta)至少參(can)加了(le)十(shi)四年(nian)的考試(shi),仍是(shi)榜上無(wu)名(ming)(ming);因而(er)憤憤更名(ming)(ming),改羅(luo)璜(一作(zuo)橫)為羅(luo)隱。他(ta)(ta)滯住長安,大(da)概想起隋(sui)代(dai)著名(ming)(ming)詩人薛(xue)道衡的《人日(ri)思歸》,因而(er)在“ 京(jing)中七日(ri)立春”之時,便慨然而(er)作(zuo)。
據(ju)載,薛(xue)道衡聘(pin)陳(chen),南(nan)陳(chen)的君(jun)臣都知(zhi)道薛(xue)是有隋一代最著名(ming)的詩(shi)人(ren),因而盼望他能(neng)當場作詩(shi)。于是他在(zai)(zai)“人(ren)日(ri)”(正月初七(qi)),便(bian)揮筆而作了。當他寫(xie)(xie)(xie)了首句(ju)(ju)“入春才七(qi)日(ri)”時(shi)(shi),人(ren)們掩口而笑(xiao),并竊(qie)竊(qie)私(si)語,覺得這實在(zai)(zai)不像(xiang)詩(shi)句(ju)(ju);而他寫(xie)(xie)(xie)下“離家已二年”時(shi)(shi),人(ren)們便(bian)都不敢再輕覷(qu)了。而他寫(xie)(xie)(xie)完“人(ren)歸落雁后,思發在(zai)(zai)花前(qian)”時(shi)(shi),君(jun)臣便(bian)大加(jia)稱賞,覺得南(nan)陳(chen)文人(ren),實在(zai)(zai)無(wu)人(ren)可(ke)與(yu)匹敵。
羅隱(yin)(yin)此(ci)作,卻比(bi)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)道衡的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)更為怪(guai)誕,一(yi)(yi)上來便是(shi)(shi)“一(yi)(yi)二三四五(wu)(wu)六七(qi)”,讀(du)起來簡(jian)直有點開玩笑,覺得這(zhe)(zhe)實(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)不(bu)(bu)(bu)像詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。但(dan)仔細一(yi)(yi)想,卻比(bi)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)得更佳。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)屈指一(yi)(yi)算,雖“入春(chun)才七(qi)日(ri)(ri)”,但(dan)已(yi)是(shi)(shi)“離(li)家已(yi)二年”了(le),隱(yin)(yin)隱(yin)(yin)透出(chu)(chu)思(si)歸(gui)(gui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)。而(er)(er)羅詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)七(qi)個數(shu)字,卻表(biao)明他是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)一(yi)(yi)日(ri)(ri)地(di)數(shu),一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)一(yi)(yi)天(tian)(tian)地(di)算。寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)了(le)他羈駐(zhu)異地(di),實(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)痛苦(ku)難熬;給人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)以度(du)日(ri)(ri)如年之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)感(gan)。而(er)(er)次句的(de)(de)“萬木(mu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)芽(ya)是(shi)(shi)今日(ri)(ri)”,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅包羅了(le)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)“思(si)發在(zai)(zai)(zai)花前”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意,且(qie)比(bi)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)“思(si)歸(gui)(gui)”更早,早到了(le)萬木(mu)剛剛生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)芽(ya)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)時(shi)。薛(xue)(xue)(xue)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)歸(gui)(gui)落(luo)雁后”,寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)了(le)“人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不(bu)(bu)(bu)如雁”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)思(si),的(de)(de)確寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)得不(bu)(bu)(bu)錯(cuo),而(er)(er)羅詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)卻寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)作“遠天(tian)(tian)歸(gui)(gui)雁拂云(yun)飛(fei)”,不(bu)(bu)(bu)僅寫(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)了(le)群雁同歸(gui)(gui)的(de)(de)得意洋洋之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀,也有力地(di)襯出(chu)(chu)自己無翅可(ke)展的(de)(de)苦(ku)腸(chang)。這(zhe)(zhe)就比(bi)薛(xue)(xue)(xue)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)意韻更濃郁,也更加(jia)形(xing)象化(hua)。末(mo)句的(de)(de)“近水游魚迸冰出(chu)(chu)”則離(li)開薛(xue)(xue)(xue)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而(er)(er)另辟(pi)新徑,更是(shi)(shi)即景生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)情(qing)(qing)的(de)(de)佳句,表(biao)現出(chu)(chu)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)急不(bu)(bu)(bu)可(ke)待的(de)(de)歸(gui)(gui)隱(yin)(yin)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)意。詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《下(xia)第(di)作》中(zhong)(zhong),早就說過:“年年模(mo)樣一(yi)(yi)般(ban)般(ban),何(he)似東歸(gui)(gui)把(ba)釣竿。”在(zai)(zai)(zai)《寄黔(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)王從事》詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)也說:“今日(ri)(ri)舉場君莫問,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)涯(ya)牢落(luo)鬢(bin)蕭疏。”而(er)(er)在(zai)(zai)(zai)《曲(qu)江春(chun)感(gan)》中(zhong)(zhong),他要(yao)“一(yi)(yi)船明月一(yi)(yi)竿竹,家住五(wu)(wu)湖(hu)歸(gui)(gui)去來”。他要(yao)堅決歸(gui)(gui)隱(yin)(yin),再(zai)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)受統治者所設考場的(de)(de)欺騙了(le)。讀(du)了(le)這(zhe)(zhe)末(mo)句“游魚迸冰出(chu)(chu)”之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)情(qing)(qing)景,使人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)仿佛看到了(le)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)歸(gui)(gui)隱(yin)(yin)情(qing)(qing)真,巴(ba)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得要(yao)馬上離(li)京師而(er)(er)赴五(wu)(wu)湖(hu)歸(gui)(gui)釣的(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)態(tai)。