任人(ren)唯賢(rèn rén wéi xián)是(shi)一個(ge)成語(yu),最早出自于戰國《尚書·咸有一德》。
任人唯賢指任用官(guan)員只以(yi)德才優秀(xiu)作為標準,含褒(bao)義;在句中一般(ban)作謂語、定語、賓(bin)語、分句。
戰國《尚書·咸(xian)有一德(de)》:“任官(guan)惟賢才(cai),左右惟其人(ren)。”
后世據(ju)此典故引申出成語“任人(ren)唯賢”。
春(chun)秋時期,齊國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)君襄(xiang)公殘(can)暴荒唐,連(lian)他的(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)兄弟都逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)別國(guo)去(qu)了(le)。這兩(liang)個(ge)兄弟是兩(liang)個(ge)母親生的(de)(de)。一(yi)個(ge)叫公子(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu),逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)了(le)魯(lu)國(guo)。一(yi)個(ge)叫公子(zi)小白,逃(tao)到(dao)(dao)了(le)莒國(guo)。公子(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)的(de)(de)師傅(fu)是管仲(zhong),公子(zi)小白的(de)(de)師傅(fu)是鮑叔牙。
后(hou)來(lai),齊襄公(gong)(gong)被人(ren)殺死了(le)。第二年春(chun)天,齊國的(de)大臣派使者迎接公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)回去(qu)做國君(jun)。魯(lu)國的(de)國君(jun)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)親自派兵護(hu)送。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)的(de)師傅管(guan)仲(zhong)怕逃亡在(zai)(zai)莒(ju)國的(de)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)因為離齊國近搶先回國奪到(dao)君(jun)位,所以(yi)經莊(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)同意,先帶領(ling)一(yi)支人(ren)馬(ma)去(qu)攔住公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)。走到(dao)即墨(mo),聽人(ren)說(shuo)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)已經跑在(zai)(zai)頭里(li)了(le)。管(guan)仲(zhong)使勁地追(zhui),追(zhui)了(le)三十(shi)多(duo)里(li)路才(cai)追(zhui)上。管(guan)仲(zhong)瞧見(jian)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)坐(zuo)在(zai)(zai)車里(li),也不多(duo)說(shuo),偷偷地拿起弓箭,對準了(le)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai),“嗖”的(de)一(yi)箭射過去(qu)。公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)大叫一(yi)聲(sheng),口吐鮮(xian)血,倒在(zai)(zai)車子(zi)(zi)(zi)里(li)。管(guan)仲(zhong)一(yi)看,以(yi)為小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)死了(le),他想公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)的(de)君(jun)位必定穩(wen)坐(zuo)了(le),便不慌不忙地回魯(lu)國去(qu)護(hu)送公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)到(dao)齊國去(qu)。
誰知道(dao)公(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)并沒(mei)有死(si),只(zhi)是(shi)咬(yao)破舌頭,弄得(de)滿(man)口(kou)鮮血裝(zhuang)死(si)罷了(le)。鮑叔(shu)牙護著小(xiao)白(bai)抄小(xiao)道(dao)趕到都城臨淄。鮑叔(shu)牙硬是(shi)說(shuo)服了(le)大臣(chen)們,立公(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)為國君,也就是(shi)齊桓公(gong)。
不久,魯國(guo)(guo)的兵馬送(song)公(gong)子糾回到了(le)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)地界。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的鮑叔牙立即(ji)請齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)發兵抵抗,于是(shi)齊(qi)魯之(zhi)間發生(sheng)戰爭。魯軍(jun)大敗,只得答應齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的條件,將公(gong)子糾逼死(si),又把管(guan)仲(zhong)抓(zhua)起來(lai)。齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)的使(shi)者表示(shi),管(guan)仲(zhong)射(she)過(guo)他們(men)的國(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun),國(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun)要報一箭之(zhi)仇,非親手(shou)殺了(le)他不可,所以一定要將他押(ya)到齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)去。魯莊公(gong)只好把管(guan)仲(zhong)裝上囚車(che),押(ya)回齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)。
管(guan)仲(zhong)被(bei)捆綁(bang)著,從魯國押往齊國。一路上,他又饑又渴,吃(chi)了許多苦(ku)頭。來到綺烏這個地方時,他去見(jian)那里守(shou)衛邊界(jie)的(de)官員(yuan),請求給(gei)點(dian)飯吃(chi)。不料,那守(shou)邊界(jie)的(de)官員(yuan)竟跪在地上,端飯給(gei)管(guan)仲(zhong)吃(chi),神(shen)情(qing)十分恭敬。等管(guan)仲(zhong)吃(chi)好飯,他私下間道:“如果您(nin)到齊國后(hou),僥幸(xing)沒有被(bei)殺(sha)而得到任用,您(nin)將(jiang)怎(zen)樣報答我?”管(guan)仲(zhong)回答道:“要(yao)是照你(ni)所說(shuo)的(de)那樣,我得到任用,我將(jiang)要(yao)任用賢人,使(shi)用能(neng)人,評賞有功的(de)人,我能(neng)拿什么報答您(nin)呢?”
等到管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一回到齊國(guo),鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)就(jiu)親(qin)自到城外迎接。接著(zhu),鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)大力把管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)舉(ju)給(gei)齊桓(huan)(huan)公。齊桓(huan)(huan)公說(shuo):“他(ta)拿(na)箭射我,要我的(de)(de)命,你(ni)還叫(jiao)我用(yong)他(ta)嗎?”鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)說(shuo):“那會兒他(ta)是公子糾的(de)(de)師傅,管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)自然冒(mao)死幫著(zhu)公子糾了(le)。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)本領比我強(qiang)十倍。主公要是用(yong)他(ta),他(ta)準能(neng)給(gei)您立(li)大功。”齊桓(huan)(huan)公聽了(le)鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)話,立(li)即拜(bai)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為相國(guo)。鮑叔牙(ya)(ya)反(fan)倒做了(le)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)副手。管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)當相國(guo)以后(hou),發揮他(ta)的(de)(de)政治才能(neng),大力實(shi)行改革,使齊國(guo)的(de)(de)國(guo)力迅速增強(qiang)。七年后(hou),齊桓(huan)(huan)公就(jiu)稱霸(ba)四方,不久,齊桓(huan)(huan)公就(jiu)成了(le)春秋第(di)一霸(ba)。
無論是創業還是守(shou)業,都離不開人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)。雖(sui)說匯聚人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)需要海(hai)納百川的精神,但水多(duo)容(rong)(rong)易(yi)泛濫(lan),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)競爭過于激烈,容(rong)(rong)易(yi)出(chu)現魚目混(hun)珠(zhu)、良莠不齊的情況。因(yin)此,執政者必須善于發現人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),舉薦人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),團結人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),使用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)推動(dong)事業不斷向前發展。而最(zui)重要的用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)原(yuan)則,那就是任人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)唯賢。要求執政者在(zai)選(xuan)拔人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)時(shi),不要考慮人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)的身份、背景以(yi)及與自己的關系,敢用(yong)(yong)有缺點的人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai),并能(neng)做到用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不疑,疑人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)不用(yong)(yong)。正(zheng)因(yin)為有這(zhe)樣的用(yong)(yong)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)原(yuan)則,西漢劉敬、三國諸葛亮等賢能(neng)之(zhi)士(shi)才(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)能(neng)夠“朝為田(tian)舍郎,暮登天子(zi)堂”。
“任人唯賢(xian)”指任用官員只以(yi)德才優(you)秀(xiu)作為標準(zhun)。
含(han)褒義;在句(ju)中(zhong)一(yi)般作謂語(yu)、定(ding)語(yu)、賓語(yu)、分句(ju)。
毛澤東《中國共產黨(dang)在民族戰爭中的地位》:“有(you)獨立的工作(zuo)能力,積極肯干(gan),不謀私利為(wei)標準,這就(jiu)是任人(ren)唯賢(xian)的路線。”
作家(jia)·凌力《星星草(cao)》:“文狀元(yuan)、武狀元(yuan)、農狀元(yuan)、工狀元(yuan)、醫狀元(yuan),都要選,以才取人,任人唯賢。那(nei)時(shi)天國人才濟濟,英杰歸真,咱們可(ke)就更該興旺羅!”
任人唯賢—知人善用
“任人(ren)唯賢(xian)”和(he)“知(zhi)人(ren)善(shan)任”兩(liang)者都(dou)含(han)有“善(shan)于使用人(ren)”的意思。但“任人(ren)唯賢(xian)”是指一種(zhong)用人(ren)原則或態(tai)度,“知(zhi)人(ren)善(shan)任”則多指方法(fa)或技巧(qiao)。