《針(zhen)灸(jiu)甲(jia)乙經(jing)》,又稱《黃帝甲(jia)乙經(jing)》《黃帝三部(bu)針(zhen)經(jing)》《黃帝針(zhen)灸(jiu)甲(jia)乙經(jing)》。西晉·皇甫謐撰,12卷,128篇,成書于公元282年(nian)。前六卷論(lun)述基礎(chu)理論(lun),后(hou)(hou)六卷記錄各(ge)種(zhong)疾病(bing)的(de)臨(lin)床治(zhi)療,包括病(bing)因、病(bing)機、癥狀、診斷、取穴、治(zhi)法和預后(hou)(hou)等。采用分(fen)(fen)部(bu)和按經(jing)分(fen)(fen)類法,厘定了腧穴,詳(xiang)述了各(ge)部(bu)穴位的(de)適應證和禁忌、針(zhen)刺深度與灸(jiu)的(de)壯(zhuang)數,是我國現存最早的(de)一(yi)部(bu)理論(lun)聯系實際的(de)針(zhen)灸(jiu)學專著。
《針(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》卷(juan)(juan)一至卷(juan)(juan)六(liu)(liu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)中(zhong)醫基本理(li)論和(he)針(zhen)灸(jiu)基礎(chu)知識,卷(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)十(shi)二(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)臨床(chuang)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)部(bu)(bu)分(fen),包括各(ge)種(zhong)疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)因病(bing)(bing)機、癥狀(zhuang)和(he)腧(shu)穴(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)。卷(juan)(juan)一主(zhu)要(yao)論述(shu)(shu)人(ren)的(de)(de)生(sheng)理(li)功能以及臟(zang)腑與(yu)肢(zhi)體(ti)五(wu)官的(de)(de)關系等。卷(juan)(juan)二(er)(er)論述(shu)(shu)十(shi)二(er)(er)經(jing)(jing)(jing)脈、奇經(jing)(jing)(jing)八(ba)脈、十(shi)二(er)(er)經(jing)(jing)(jing)標(biao)本、經(jing)(jing)(jing)脈的(de)(de)循行(xing)路線和(he)發(fa)病(bing)(bing)情況以及骨度、腸度等。卷(juan)(juan)三(san)(san)為(wei)(wei)(wei)腧(shu)穴(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen),共(gong)厘定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)(le)腧(shu)穴(xue)348個(其中(zhong)單穴(xue)49個,雙穴(xue)299個),并采(cai)用分(fen)部(bu)(bu)依線的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa),劃分(fen)了(le)(le)(le)(le)頭面(mian)、頸、胸、腹(fu)、四(si)(si)肢(zhi)等35條(tiao)線路。詳細敘(xu)述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)各(ge)穴(xue)的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位、針(zhen)刺深(shen)度與(yu)灸(jiu)的(de)(de)壯數。卷(juan)(juan)四(si)(si)敘(xu)述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)診(zhen)(zhen)法(fa)(fa),包括望(wang)聞(wen)問切(qie)四(si)(si)診(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)具體(ti)內容(rong),重(zhong)點論述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)四(si)(si)時(shi)平脈與(yu)臟(zang)腑病(bing)(bing)脈、死脈以及三(san)(san)部(bu)(bu)九(jiu)(jiu)候的(de)(de)診(zhen)(zhen)斷方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)。卷(juan)(juan)五(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)針(zhen)道(dao),詳述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)九(jiu)(jiu)針(zhen)的(de)(de)形狀(zhuang)、長度和(he)作(zuo)用、針(zhen)刺的(de)(de)手法(fa)(fa)和(he)補(bu)瀉的(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)、針(zhen)刺的(de)(de)禁穴(xue)與(yu)禁忌等。卷(juan)(juan)六(liu)(liu)以陰(yin)陽(yang)五(wu)行(xing)學說(shuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)核(he)心,論述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)理(li)與(yu)病(bing)(bing)理(li)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)一些具體(ti)問題。從(cong)卷(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)十(shi)二(er)(er)為(wei)(wei)(wei)臨床(chuang)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)部(bu)(bu)分(fen),包括內、外、婦(fu)、兒等科(ke),尤以內科(ke)為(wei)(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點,涉(she)及多種(zhong)病(bing)(bing)證,在治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)方(fang)(fang)面(mian),書(shu)中(zhong)介紹(shao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)晉以前針(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)各(ge)種(zhong)疾病(bing)(bing)豐富而寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)驗,全書(shu)共(gong)列腧(shu)穴(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)800多條(tiao),為(wei)(wei)(wei)后世(shi)針(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)療(liao)(liao)學的(de)(de)發(fa)展打下了(le)(le)(le)(le)良好的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。同時(shi)《針(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)腧(shu)穴(xue)和(he)腧(shu)穴(xue)主(zhu)治(zhi)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)保存了(le)(le)(le)(le)已失傳的(de)(de)《明堂孔穴(xue)針(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)要(yao)》的(de)(de)內容(rong)。
皇甫謐總結了魏(wei)晉(jin)以前的針灸(jiu)學成(cheng)(cheng)就,吸(xi)收了《素問(wen)》《針經(jing)(jing)》《明堂孔穴針灸(jiu)治要》的精(jing)華(hua),刪其浮(fu)辭,除其重(zhong)復,做了十分繁重(zhong)的選材整理工作,并加入了自己的實踐(jian)經(jing)(jing)驗而著成(cheng)(cheng)本書(shu)。
皇(huang)甫(fu)謐(mi)(215~282),魏晉間學(xue)者、作(zuo)家、醫學(xue)家。幼名靜,字士安,號玄晏先生,安定朝那人。從(cong)席坦學(xue)儒。武帝屢下詔征(zheng),皆(jie)稱病不就,終身不仕。左思作(zuo)《三都賦》成,請(qing)其作(zuo)序(xu),遂見重于世。中年患風痹,乃鉆研(yan)醫學(xue)。著有《帝王世紀(ji)》、《高(gao)士傳(chuan)》、《烈女傳(chuan)》、《玄晏春秋(qiu)》、《針灸甲乙經》等。
臣(chen)(chen)聞(wen)通(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)地(di)人(ren)曰(yue)儒(ru)(ru)(ru),通(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)地(di)不通(tong)(tong)(tong)人(ren)曰(yue)技,斯醫者(zhe)(zhe)雖曰(yue)方(fang)(fang)技,其(qi)實儒(ru)(ru)(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事乎(hu)。班固(gu)序《藝文志(zhi)》,稱儒(ru)(ru)(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)助人(ren)君,順陰陽,明教(jiao)化,此亦通(tong)(tong)(tong)天(tian)地(di)人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理也。又云∶方(fang)(fang)技者(zhe)(zhe),論(lun)病(bing)以及(ji)國(guo),原診(zhen)以知政。非能(neng)(neng)通(tong)(tong)(tong)三(san)才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奧,安(an)能(neng)(neng)及(ji)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政哉。晉·皇(huang)甫謐博(bo)綜典籍百家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言,沉靜寡欲,有(you)高尚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)。得風痹,因(yin)而學(xue)醫,習覽(lan)經方(fang)(fang),前臻至妙(miao)。取黃(huang)帝(di)《素(su)問》、《針經》、《明堂(tang)》三(san)部之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu),撰(zhuan)為《針灸經》十(shi)二卷(juan)(juan),歷古儒(ru)(ru)(ru)者(zhe)(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不能(neng)(neng)及(ji)也。或曰(yue):《素(su)問》、《針經》、《明堂(tang)》三(san)部之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書(shu),非黃(huang)帝(di)書(shu),似出于(yu)戰國(guo)。曰(yue):人(ren)生天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,八尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軀,臟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堅脆,腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)小,谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多少,脈(mo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長短,血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清濁,十(shi)二經之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血氣大(da)數,皮膚包絡其(qi)外(wai),可剖而視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)?非大(da)圣上(shang)智,孰(shu)能(neng)(neng)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),戰國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)何與焉(yan)。大(da)哉!《黃(huang)帝(di)內經》十(shi)八卷(juan)(juan),《針經》三(san)卷(juan)(juan),最(zui)出遠古。皇(huang)甫士(shi)安(an)能(neng)(neng)撰(zhuan)而集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),惜簡編(bian)脫落已(yi)多,是使(shi)文字錯亂,義理顛倒(dao),世(shi)失其(qi)傳,學(xue)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)(zhe)鮮(xian)矣。唐·甄權(quan)但修(xiu)《明堂(tang)圖》,孫思邈從而和之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)余篇第亦不能(neng)(neng)盡言之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)家詔儒(ru)(ru)(ru)臣(chen)(chen)校正(zheng)醫書(shu),今取《素(su)問》、《九墟》、《靈(ling)樞》、《太素(su)經》、《千金方(fang)(fang)》及(ji)《翼(yi)》、《外(wai)臺秘要》諸家善書(shu)校對玉成,繕寫將備親覽(lan)。恭惟(wei)主上(shang)圣哲衣冠文明,光輝上(shang)下,孝(xiao)慈仁德,蒙被眾(zhong)庶(shu),大(da)頒(ban)岐黃(huang),遠及(ji)方(fang)(fang)外(wai),使(shi)皇(huang)化兆于(yu)無窮,和氣浹而充塞(sai),茲亦助人(ren)靈(ling),順陰陽,明教(jiao)化化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)端云。
國子(zi)博士臣(chen)高保衡尚(shang)書屯田(tian)郎中臣(chen)孫奇光(guang)祿卿直(zhi)秘閣臣(chen)林億等(deng)上
夫(fu)醫(yi)道(dao)所(suo)興,其(qi)(qi)來久矣(yi)(yi)。上古神(shen)農(nong)始嘗草木而(er)知(zhi)百藥。黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)咨訪岐伯、伯高、少(shao)俞之(zhi)(zhi)徒,內考五(wu)臟(zang)六腑,外(wai)綜經(jing)(jing)(jing)絡血氣色候(hou),參(can)之(zhi)(zhi)天地,驗之(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)物,本(ben)(ben)(ben)性(xing)命,窮神(shen)極變,而(er)針道(dao)生焉(yan)。其(qi)(qi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)至妙,雷(lei)公受業(ye)傳之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)后。伊尹以(yi)(yi)(yi)亞圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)才,撰用(yong)《神(shen)農(nong)本(ben)(ben)(ben)草》以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)湯(tang)液。中(zhong)古名(ming)醫(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)俞跗、醫(yi)緩(huan)、扁鵲,秦(qin)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)醫(yi)和,漢有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)倉(cang)(cang)公。其(qi)(qi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)皆(jie)經(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)識本(ben)(ben)(ben),非(fei)徒診病而(er)已。漢有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)華佗(tuo)(tuo)、張仲(zhong)(zhong)景。其(qi)(qi)它奇方異治(zhi),施世者多(duo)(duo),亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)能(neng)盡(jin)記其(qi)(qi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)末。若(ruo)知(zhi)直(zhi)祭(ji)酒(jiu)劉(liu)季琰病發于(yu)(yu)畏惡,治(zhi)之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)瘥,云:后九年(nian)(nian)(nian)季琰病應發,發當有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)感,仍本(ben)(ben)(ben)于(yu)(yu)畏惡,病動(dong)必死,終如其(qi)(qi)言。仲(zhong)(zhong)景見(jian)侍中(zhong)王仲(zhong)(zhong)宣時年(nian)(nian)(nian)二(er)十(shi)(shi)余,謂(wei)(wei)曰(yue):“君(jun)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)病,四十(shi)(shi)當眉(mei)落,眉(mei)落半年(nian)(nian)(nian)而(er)死,令(ling)服五(wu)石湯(tang)可免。”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣嫌其(qi)(qi)言忤(wu),受湯(tang)而(er)勿服。居三(san)日(ri),見(jian)仲(zhong)(zhong)宣謂(wei)(wei)曰(yue):“服湯(tang)否?”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣曰(yue):“已服。”仲(zhong)(zhong)景曰(yue):“色候(hou)固(gu)非(fei)服湯(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)診,君(jun)何輕命也(ye)(ye)。”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣猶不(bu)(bu)言。后二(er)十(shi)(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)果眉(mei)落,后一(yi)百八十(shi)(shi)七日(ri)而(er)死,終如其(qi)(qi)言。此(ci)(ci)二(er)事(shi)(shi)雖扁鵲、倉(cang)(cang)公無以(yi)(yi)(yi)加也(ye)(ye)。華佗(tuo)(tuo)性(xing)惡矜技(ji),終以(yi)(yi)(yi)戮(lu)死。仲(zhong)(zhong)景論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)廣伊尹湯(tang)液為(wei)數十(shi)(shi)卷(juan),用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)(duo)驗。近代太醫(yi)令(ling)王叔(shu)和撰次仲(zhong)(zhong)景,選(xuan)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)甚(shen)精(jing),指(zhi)事(shi)(shi)可施用(yong)。按∶《七略·藝文志(zhi)》,《黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)內經(jing)(jing)(jing)》十(shi)(shi)八卷(juan)。今有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《針經(jing)(jing)(jing)》九卷(juan),《素(su)問(wen)(wen)》九卷(juan),二(er)九十(shi)(shi)八卷(juan),即《內經(jing)(jing)(jing)》也(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)所(suo)亡(wang)失,其(qi)(qi)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)遐遠,然稱述多(duo)(duo)而(er)切(qie)事(shi)(shi)少(shao),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)編次。比按倉(cang)(cang)公傳,其(qi)(qi)學皆(jie)出于(yu)(yu)《素(su)問(wen)(wen)》,論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)病精(jing)微(wei)。《九卷(juan)》是原本(ben)(ben)(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)脈,其(qi)(qi)義(yi)深奧(ao),不(bu)(bu)易(yi)覺也(ye)(ye)。又有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)《明堂孔穴針灸治(zhi)要》,皆(jie)黃(huang)(huang)帝(di)(di)岐伯選(xuan)事(shi)(shi)也(ye)(ye)。三(san)部(bu)同歸,文多(duo)(duo)重復,錯(cuo)互非(fei)一(yi)。甘露(lu)中(zhong),吾病風加苦聾,百日(ri)方治(zhi),要皆(jie)淺(qian)近,乃撰集三(san)部(bu),使事(shi)(shi)類相從(cong),刪其(qi)(qi)浮辭,除其(qi)(qi)重復,論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)其(qi)(qi)精(jing)要,至為(wei)十(shi)(shi)二(er)卷(juan)。《易(yi)》曰(yue):觀其(qi)(qi)所(suo)聚(ju),而(er)天地之(zhi)(zhi)情事(shi)(shi)見(jian)矣(yi)(yi)。況物理(li)乎(hu)?事(shi)(shi)類相從(cong),聚(ju)之(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)也(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)受先人(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)體,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)八尺之(zhi)(zhi)軀,而(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)醫(yi)事(shi)(shi),此(ci)(ci)所(suo)謂(wei)(wei)游魂耳。若(ruo)不(bu)(bu)精(jing)通于(yu)(yu)醫(yi)道(dao),雖有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)忠孝之(zhi)(zhi)心,仁慈之(zhi)(zhi)性(xing),君(jun)父危困(kun),赤子涂地,無以(yi)(yi)(yi)濟之(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)(ci)固(gu)圣(sheng)(sheng)賢所(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)精(jing)思極論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)盡(jin)其(qi)(qi)理(li)也(ye)(ye)。由此(ci)(ci)言之(zhi)(zhi),焉(yan)可忽乎(hu)?其(qi)(qi)本(ben)(ben)(ben)論(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)其(qi)(qi)文有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)理(li),雖不(bu)(bu)切(qie)于(yu)(yu)近事(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)刪也(ye)(ye)。若(ruo)必精(jing)要,后其(qi)(qi)閑(xian)暇(xia),當撰核以(yi)(yi)(yi)為(wei)教經(jing)(jing)(jing)云爾(er)。
有北(bei)宋(song)熙寧二(er)(er)年初刊本(ben)(ben)、南宋(song)及元刊本(ben)(ben)、明正統二(er)(er)年(1437)重刊本(ben)(ben)、嘉靖刊本(ben)(ben)及《醫(yi)統正脈》刊本(ben)(ben)等。
北宋熙寧二年(nian)(1069),林(lin)億等曾對《針灸甲(jia)乙經》作校對繕寫(xie),即所稱(cheng)“新校正(zheng)”。1980年(nian)山東中醫學(xue)院主持編(bian)寫(xie)了《針灸甲(jia)乙經》校釋,人民衛生出版(ban)社出版(ban)。
《針(zhen)(zhen)灸甲(jia)乙經》對針(zhen)(zhen)灸的(de)發展(zhan)起(qi)了承前啟后(hou)的(de)巨大作用,由晉到宋的(de)針(zhen)(zhen)灸著(zhu)作,如(ru)《銅人腧穴(xue)(xue)針(zhen)(zhen)灸圖經》,其穴(xue)(xue)位和(he)適應(ying)證基(ji)本上(shang)沒(mei)有(you)超(chao)出本書(shu)(shu)的(de)范圍。如(ru)《針(zhen)(zhen)灸資(zi)生(sheng)經》等(deng)專著(zhu),無(wu)不遵循本書(shu)(shu)編輯而成。明(ming)清兩代的(de)針(zhen)(zhen)灸著(zhu)作,如(ru)《針(zhen)(zhen)灸聚英(ying)》《針(zhen)(zhen)灸大成》等(deng)都(dou)是在(zai)本書(shu)(shu)基(ji)礎上(shang)發展(zhan)起(qi)來。《針(zhen)(zhen)灸甲(jia)乙經》還流(liu)傳至日本、朝鮮,對兩國(guo)的(de)針(zhen)(zhen)灸學術與教(jiao)育產生(sheng)深遠影響(xiang)。