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基本介紹

《美育書簡(jian)》是(shi)(shi)1795年出版(ban)的(de)的(de)圖書，作者是(shi)(shi)弗里德(de)(de)里希·席(xi)勒，是(shi)(shi)德(de)(de)國啟蒙文學的(de)代(dai)表人物之一(yi)。

內容介紹

【《美(mei)育書(shu)簡》】又譯《審(shen)美(mei)教育書(shu)簡》，德國古典美(mei)學家(jia)席勒的代表作(zuo)。是1793—1794年作(zuo)者寫給丹麥(mai)王子克里斯(si)謙公爵的27封信，1795年經整(zheng)理(li)出版。追求人類本性的完善，提倡理(li)性的自由是席勒美(mei)育思想(xiang)的核心。

書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)資(zi)本(ben)主義(yi)現(xian)代(dai)文(wen)明是(shi)造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根源，它割(ge)斷了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)系，由于“享受與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)勞(lao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，手段與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，努力與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)報酬都(dou)彼(bi)此脫節，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)永遠被束縛在(zai)整體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個孤(gu)零(ling)零(ling)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碎片上(shang)”，必然造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)裂。席(xi)勒認為(wei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)既受來(lai)自(zi)“感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”，即來(lai)自(zi)自(zi)然必然性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面強加(jia)給人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制，也受來(lai)自(zi)“理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)（形式(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)）”，即來(lai)自(zi)精神(shen)必然性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面強加(jia)給人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志(zhi)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制。從而造成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)裂。要(yao)使(shi)分(fen)裂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以復歸(gui)，“在(zai)經(jing)驗中(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)決政(zheng)治問題，就必須通過(guo)審美(mei)(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑，因為(wei)正是(shi)通過(guo)美(mei)(mei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們才(cai)(cai)可能達(da)到自(zi)由”。暴(bao)力革命和(he)(he)國家政(zheng)權解(jie)決不(bu)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)裂問題。完(wan)善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應該是(shi)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)形式(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)二(er)(er)者(zhe)(zhe)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)諧統(tong)一(yi)，只有通過(guo)“第三(san)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”（即游戲(xi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)）為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)介，才(cai)(cai)能實(shi)現(xian)之。原因之一(yi)是(shi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只有在(zai)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)形式(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)(he)諧統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游戲(xi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，即在(zai)審美(mei)(mei)境界中(zhong)(zhong)，才(cai)(cai)能實(shi)現(xian)感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，物質(zhi)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)精神(shen)，客觀(guan)(guan)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)主觀(guan)(guan)，受動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)自(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)具有完(wan)善人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；其二(er)(er)，感性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只有通過(guo)審美(mei)(mei)狀態才(cai)(cai)能進入道(dao)德狀態，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，美(mei)(mei)是(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)(er)創(chuang)造者(zhe)(zhe)；其三(san)，自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)片面性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)全面立法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被剝(bo)奪了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)由，只有在(zai)審美(mei)(mei)狀態中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才(cai)(cai)能擺脫任(ren)何(he)限制，使(shi)失落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以復歸(gui)。書(shu)中(zhong)(zhong)還(huan)討論(lun)了不(bu)同性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)，即存在(zai)著溶煉性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)和(he)(he)振奮性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)(mei)，前(qian)者(zhe)(zhe)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)松(song)弛(chi)，后(hou)者(zhe)(zhe)使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)緊張。

書(shu)中最后討論了游戲的意義和最高社會(hui)理想(xiang)。認為(wei)審美游戲到(dao)了高級階段，美本身就(jiu)成為(wei)人(ren)追求的對象(xiang)，這時就(jiu)會(hui)建立起審美外觀的王國，但它“只能(neng)在(zai)少(shao)數出眾的人(ren)當中找到(dao)。”

該書中關于人(ren)性的(de)自(zi)我分裂，關于游戲沖動和(he)審美游戲的(de)觀(guan)點對后來的(de)藝術理(li)論和(he)美學(xue)影響深遠。

作者介紹

弗里(li)德里(li)希·席(xi)勒，德國18世紀著名詩人(ren)、作(zuo)家(jia)(jia)、哲學家(jia)(jia)、歷(li)史(shi)學家(jia)(jia)和劇作(zuo)家(jia)(jia)，德國啟蒙文學的代表人(ren)物之一。